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🌿 topic 8 ESS > 8.1 human population dynamics > Flashcards

8.1 human population dynamics Flashcards

1
Q

crude birth rate (CBR)

A

number of births per thousand per year

number of births/total population x 1000

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2
Q

crude death rate (CDR)

A

number of deaths per thousand per year
number of deaths/total population x 1000

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3
Q

total fertility rate (TFR)

A
  • number of children a woman is expected to have in her lifetime
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4
Q

factors that impact birth and fertility rates

A
  • children in the labour force/education
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5
Q

factors that impact birth and fertility rates
status of women

A
  • low socioeconomic status, women can’t decide childbearing, work or education
  • usually housewife, uneducated on fertility
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6
Q

factors that impact birth and fertility rates
lifestyle, cultural norms

A
  • more developed, norm being married later and having less children later
  • higher focus on material goods in medcs, few children more resources instead of spreading resources with multiple children
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7
Q

infant mortality rate (IMR)

A

number of babies that die in their first year of life per thousand live births per year

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8
Q

family planning

A
  • accessibility
  • religious beliefs, traditions
    pro vs anti natalist policies
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9
Q

factors that impact death rates
income

A
  • higher income, access to good food, healthcare, education, good shelter, electricity, water
  • lowers death rates
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10
Q

factors that impact death rates
literacy/education

A
  • educated mother, better look after, lowers child mortality
  • understanding of healthy life choices
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11
Q

factors that impact death rates
access to food

A
  • balanced diet, propper calories, different food groups
  • malnutrition kills in MEDCs (more calories) and LEDCs (less calories)
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12
Q

factors that impact death rates
availability of healthcare

A
  • MEDC’s readily available healthcare
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13
Q

factors that impact death rates
water supply and sanitation

A
  • water borne diseases that kill
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14
Q

factors that impact death rates
access to shelter

A
  • protection from the elements
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15
Q

doubling time (DT)

A

70/NIR

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16
Q

natural increase rate (NIR)

A

(CBR - CDR)/10 = _%

17
Q

malthusian theory

A
  • population growth is exponential
  • human population exceeds food production causing a population crash
18
Q

boserup theory

A
  • advances in agriculture will increase food production to meet the rising population
19
Q

consequences of large population

A
  • grain prices increasing due to biofuel production
  • oil pricing increasing, fracking, significant damage
  • agricultural land lost to residential and industrial developments
  • lack of access to food, more undernourished people
  • depletion of aquifers and melting glaciers, lack of water
  • compromised air quality
  • fuelwood usage increasing but supply is decreasing, deforestation and desertification
  • depletion of stratospheric ozone
  • deforestation for urban expansion, agriculture and mining
  • overexploitation of oceans, fish stocks unable to recover
  • depletion of topsoil, harm ability to produce food
20
Q

demographic transition model (DTM)
stage 1

A
  • pre industrial society
  • high CBR and CDR cancel each other out
  • low - 0 NIR
21
Q

demographic transition model (DTM)
stage 2

A
  • urbanizing/industrializing
  • CBR high, death rates drop quickly
  • increased NIR, rapidly increasing population

falling death rates due to
- improved food production and storage
- better understanding about sanitation
- discovery of penicillin and vaccinations
- access to basic healthcare and education

22
Q

demographic transition model (DTM)
stage 3

A
  • industrial
  • death rates continue to fall, birth rates start declining
  • highest NIR, large gap between CBR and CDR

falling birth rates due to
- availability of contraceptives, family planning
- better status of women
- ban on child labour

23
Q

demographic transition model (DTM)
stage 4

A
  • CBR, CDR and NIR all low
  • large population from previous stage
24
Q

demographic transition model (DTM)
stage 5

A
  • CDR larger than CBR
  • low exercise, obesity, aging population
  • few workers to support the aging population
25
Q

cons of the DTM

A
  • eurocentric, MEDC based
  • LEDCs going through the stages much faster
  • doesn’t account for natural disaster, war, disease, government policies to manage population, migration, cultural and religious factors
26
Q

anti natalist strategies
tax/welfare disincentives

A
  • increased taxes for families with more than a set number of children
  • charge for education and healthcare for extra children
  • remove child-care facilities for families with too many children
    pros
  • effective
  • beneficial for the government, reduces state costs

cons
- aging population
- selective abortions (girls)
- abandonment of babies

27
Q

anti natalist strategies
raise awarness

A
  • educate impacts of high birth rates and the benefits of small families
  • campaigns and education about family planning and contraception
  • free contraceptives, abortions and sterilization

cons
- slower to take effect than strict financial disincentives
- contraceptives could be against cultural/religious beliefs

28
Q

anti natalist strategies
emancipation of women

A
  • women realize control own fertility, birth rate drops
  • education and jobs, less time to have children
  • once benefiting from wages, hard to give up lifestyle

cons
- traditional male dominated societies, men don’t want to lose control

29
Q

pro natalist policies
tax and welfare incentives

A
  • tax breaks to families with more children
  • free education and healthcare
  • free housing, upgrade housing for more children
  • child allowance
  • increase maternity and paternity leave
  • free public transport

pros
- possibly cheaper than dealing with an aging population

cons
- expensive
- ineffective long term

🌿 topic 8 ESS (4 decks)

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