8.1 human population dynamics

Question 1

crude birth rate (CBR)

Answer 1

number of births per thousand per year

number of births/total population x 1000

Question 2

crude death rate (CDR)

Answer 2

number of deaths per thousand per year
number of deaths/total population x 1000

Question 3

total fertility rate (TFR)

Answer 3

• number of children a woman is expected to have in her lifetime

Question 4

factors that impact birth and fertility rates

Answer 4

• children in the labour force/education

Question 5

factors that impact birth and fertility rates
status of women

Answer 5

• low socioeconomic status, women can’t decide childbearing, work or education
• usually housewife, uneducated on fertility

Question 6

factors that impact birth and fertility rates
lifestyle, cultural norms

Answer 6

• more developed, norm being married later and having less children later
• higher focus on material goods in medcs, few children more resources instead of spreading resources with multiple children

Question 7

infant mortality rate (IMR)

Answer 7

number of babies that die in their first year of life per thousand live births per year

Question 8

family planning

Answer 8

• accessibility
• religious beliefs, traditions
  pro vs anti natalist policies

Question 9

factors that impact death rates
income

Answer 9

• higher income, access to good food, healthcare, education, good shelter, electricity, water
• lowers death rates

Question 10

factors that impact death rates
literacy/education

Answer 10

• educated mother, better look after, lowers child mortality
• understanding of healthy life choices

Question 11

factors that impact death rates
access to food

Answer 11

• balanced diet, propper calories, different food groups
• malnutrition kills in MEDCs (more calories) and LEDCs (less calories)

Question 12

factors that impact death rates
availability of healthcare

Answer 12

• MEDC’s readily available healthcare

Question 13

factors that impact death rates
water supply and sanitation

Answer 13

• water borne diseases that kill

Question 14

factors that impact death rates
access to shelter

Answer 14

• protection from the elements

Question 15

doubling time (DT)

Answer 15

70/NIR

Question 16

natural increase rate (NIR)

Answer 16

(CBR - CDR)/10 = _%

Question 17

malthusian theory

Answer 17

• population growth is exponential
• human population exceeds food production causing a population crash

Question 18

boserup theory

Answer 18

• advances in agriculture will increase food production to meet the rising population

Question 19

consequences of large population

Answer 19

• grain prices increasing due to biofuel production
• oil pricing increasing, fracking, significant damage
• agricultural land lost to residential and industrial developments
• lack of access to food, more undernourished people
• depletion of aquifers and melting glaciers, lack of water
• compromised air quality
• fuelwood usage increasing but supply is decreasing, deforestation and desertification
• depletion of stratospheric ozone
• deforestation for urban expansion, agriculture and mining
• overexploitation of oceans, fish stocks unable to recover
• depletion of topsoil, harm ability to produce food

Question 20

demographic transition model (DTM)
stage 1

Answer 20

• pre industrial society
• high CBR and CDR cancel each other out
• low - 0 NIR

Question 21

demographic transition model (DTM)
stage 2

Answer 21

• urbanizing/industrializing
• CBR high, death rates drop quickly
• increased NIR, rapidly increasing population

falling death rates due to
- improved food production and storage
- better understanding about sanitation
- discovery of penicillin and vaccinations
- access to basic healthcare and education

Question 22

demographic transition model (DTM)
stage 3

Answer 22

• industrial
• death rates continue to fall, birth rates start declining
• highest NIR, large gap between CBR and CDR

falling birth rates due to
- availability of contraceptives, family planning
- better status of women
- ban on child labour

Question 23

demographic transition model (DTM)
stage 4

Answer 23

• CBR, CDR and NIR all low
• large population from previous stage

Question 24

demographic transition model (DTM)
stage 5

Answer 24

• CDR larger than CBR
• low exercise, obesity, aging population
• few workers to support the aging population

Question 25

cons of the DTM

Answer 25

- eurocentric, MEDC based - LEDCs going through the stages much faster - doesn't account for natural disaster, war, disease, government policies to manage population, migration, cultural and religious factors

Question 26

anti natalist strategies tax/welfare disincentives

Answer 26

- increased taxes for families with more than a set number of children - charge for education and healthcare for extra children - remove child-care facilities for families with too many children pros - effective - beneficial for the government, reduces state costs cons - aging population - selective abortions (girls) - abandonment of babies

Question 27

anti natalist strategies raise awarness

Answer 27

- educate impacts of high birth rates and the benefits of small families - campaigns and education about family planning and contraception - free contraceptives, abortions and sterilization cons - slower to take effect than strict financial disincentives - contraceptives could be against cultural/religious beliefs

Question 28

anti natalist strategies emancipation of women

Answer 28

- women realize control own fertility, birth rate drops - education and jobs, less time to have children - once benefiting from wages, hard to give up lifestyle cons - traditional male dominated societies, men don't want to lose control

Question 29

pro natalist policies tax and welfare incentives

Answer 29

- tax breaks to families with more children - free education and healthcare - free housing, upgrade housing for more children - child allowance - increase maternity and paternity leave - free public transport pros - possibly cheaper than dealing with an aging population cons - expensive - ineffective long term