Chapter 10

Question 1

Slips-of-the-tongue

Answer 1

errors in which sounds or entire words are arranged between two or more different words

Question 2

Gestures

Answer 2

visible movements of any part of your body, which you use to communicate

Question 3

Embodied cognition

Answer 3

emphasizes that people use their bodies to express their knowledge

Question 4

Linearization problem

Answer 4

challenge of arranging words in an ordered, linear sequence

Question 5

Prosody

Answer 5

the “melody” of the speech’s emphasis and rhythm

Question 6

Discourse

Answer 6

language units that are larger than a sentence

Question 7

Narrative

Answer 7

one category of discourse in which someone describes a series of actual or fictional events (conveyed in a time-related sequence and are often emotionally involving)

Question 8

Pragmatics

Answer 8

focuses on the social rules and world knowledge that allow speakers to successfully communicate messages to other people

Question 9

Common Ground

Answer 9

occurs when conversationalists share similar background knowledge, schemas, and perspectives that are necessary for mutual understanding

Question 10

Directive

Answer 10

a sentence that asks someone to do something

Question 11

Indirect request

Answer 11

uses subtle suggestions to resolve an interpersonal problem, rather than stating the request in a straightforward manner

Question 12

Frame

Answer 12

our mental structures that simplify reality

Question 13

Phonological loop

Answer 13

stores a limited number of sounds for a short period of time

Question 14

Visuospatial sketchpad

Answer 14

processing both visual and spatial information

Question 15

Central executive

Answer 15

integrates information from the phonological loop, the visuospatial sketchpad, and the episodic buffer

Question 16

Prewriting

Answer 16

generating a list of ideas

Question 17

Bilingual speaker

Answer 17

Someone who is fluent in two different languages

Question 18

Multilingual speaker

Answer 18

someone who speaks more than two languages

Question 19

Simultaneous bilingualism

Answer 19

learn two languages simultaneously during childhood

Question 20

Sequential bilingualism

Answer 20

their native language is referred to as their first language, and the non-native language that they acquired is their second language

Question 21

Metalinguistics

Answer 21

knowledge about the form and structure of language

Question 22

Age of acquisition

Answer 22

the age at which you learned a second language

Question 23

Critical period hypothesis

Answer 23

your ability to acquire a second language is strictly limited to a specific period of your life

Question 24

Phonology

Answer 24

the sounds of a person’s speech

Question 25

Translation

Answer 25

translating from text written in one language into a second written language

Question 26

Interpreting

Answer 26

the process of changing from a spoken message in one language into a second spoken language

Question 27

Name 3 types of slip-of-the-tongue

Answer 27

sound errors, morpheme errors, word erros