8/29a Constructing Reality Using CNS

Question 1

T/F: Central Nervous System is broken down into Somatic and Autonomic

Answer 1

FALSE - Central’s primary function is to integrate sensory information and respond accordingly.

Consists of the Brain and the Spinal Cord

Question 2

General Nervous system is broken down into:

Answer 2

Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems

Question 3

Peripheral Nervous system is broken into:

Answer 3

Somatic (voluntary) and Autonomic (involuntary) actions

Question 4

Somatic Nervous System Contains

Answer 4

Sensory Neurons are afferent (carry info from nerves to CNS) and Motor Neurons are efferent (carry info from brain and spinal cord to muscles of the body)

Question 5

Autonomic Nervous System

Answer 5

Sympathetic and parasympathetic

Question 6

Localization

Answer 6

Not really a true concept - it states that just one area of the brain controls a specific action.

Question 7

Contemporary approach to brain science

Answer 7

Node within the brain create higher order functions and create more complex behaviors

Question 8

Define Motor Control. What is the difference between Motor control, learning and development?

Answer 8

Motor control is the process of initiating, directing, and grading purposeful voluntary movement.

Motor learning is a set of processes associated with practice that leads to a lasting change

Motor Development is a change in behavior over a lifespan and progression

Question 9

How many theories exist within motor control and what are they?

Answer 9

9

1. Reflex
2. Hierarchical
3. Reflex-Hierarchical
4. Motor Program
5. Systems
6. Dynamical Action
7. Dynamical Systems Theory
8. Ecological
9. Contemporary Model of Movement Control

Question 10

Reflex Theory

Answer 10

Stimulus gives rights to a response. Receptor synapses on a motor neuron and goes to a muscle.

Question 11

Tendon tap produces a quick stretch in the muscle, sensors detect stretch and signal goes to the spinal cord and back to the motor neuron to trigger movement. What theory does this describe?

Answer 11

Reflex Theory

Question 12

Hierarchical Theory

Answer 12

Jackson
Central system controls the hierarchy
aka Brain (motor cortex) is the highest center that influences the brainstem neurons that then move to the spinal cord

Question 13

Reflex-Hierarchical Theory

Answer 13

combines top down and bottom up theories that lead to the fact that sensory input is CRITICAL.

DOF problem - how does the nervous system decide on the most efficient movement?

Postulates coordination in feedforward and feedback control.

Question 14

Feedforward control

Answer 14

when there is a plan to prevent a movement

END GOAL in mind

Question 15

Examples of feedforward control

Answer 15

Standing on a moving bus has a different stance vs waiting for the bus outside

Having a book in 1 hand with you eyes closed and grabbing it with your own hand has a different response vs having someone else randomly grab it (your hand goes up when the book is removed)

Grabbing a wine glass from different surfaces has various movement strategies

Question 16

Feedback Control

Answer 16

As a plan changes, the reaction changes as well

Question 17

Motor Program theory

Answer 17

Central plan that changes with environmental factors, the body adapts which program you want based on which action is necessary

Question 18

Multiple synergists creates what theory?

Answer 18

Motor Program theory

Question 19

Systems theory**

Answer 19

Peripheral apparatus matters equally in what needs to be chosen for action
Recognized importance of force acting on body and that control is distributed

Question 20

Dynamical Action Theory**

Answer 20

Self Organization controls movements

Flipping hands in air vs on a surface - control lasts on the surface when there is external feedback given vs none

Question 21

Dynamical Systems Theory***

Answer 21

• Distributed Control - integration of all systems cooperatively working together
• Muscle Synergies - co-activation of muscle groups that were recruited by a single neural command
• Self organization
• Non-linear behavior

Question 22

Ecological Theory

Answer 22

motor control evolves to cope with the environment, active exploration

Question 23

Adolf’s baby videos crawling vs seated active exploration is an example of

Answer 23

Ecological theory

Question 24

Contemporary model of movement control

Answer 24

Task - Discrete, continuous, and sequential
Individual - personal fears, limitations, and/or capabilities
Environment - regulatory (controlled) vs non-regulatory (uncontrollable)

Question 25

ACL injury that causes asymmetry, PT says that perception is effected so he takes the patient and gets him to use VR glasses what theory is he using to find success?

Answer 25

Ecological theory to change up the environment

Question 26

Cognition**

Answer 26

Higher order abstract thinking, problem solving in the context of big picture. The ability to direct and organize behavior

Question 27

Perception**

Answer 27

How you view/interpret a sensation

Rubber hand experiment

Question 28

Attention

Answer 28

ability to focus on things

Question 29

Consciousness**

Answer 29

awareness of surroundings

Question 30

Orientation**

Answer 30

knowing where you are in space and time

Question 31

Memory

Answer 31

Stored Information

Question 32

Cognitive neuroscience

Answer 32

Sensory - perception - memory+cognition - cognition - orientation+attention+sensation - action - senses perturbation - back to orientation+attention+sensation