9/3a Anatomical Systems Part I

Question 1

What is the purpose of anatomy?

Answer 1

Understand pathology
Be able to conduct clinical tests
-Muscle Testing
-Circulation
-Reflex Testing
Interventions
Ability to read surgical reports
Teaching Patients

Question 2

How do we understand our patient’s anatomy better?

Answer 2

Observation
Palpation
Imaging
Clinical Tests

Question 3

Approaches to studying anatomy

Answer 3

Regional-regions of the body
Systematic-body systems
Clinical -Reasons why we care about the structures, stresses how the systems interrelate

Question 4

Planes of the body

Answer 4

Sagittal - through the midline of the body, cutting into left and right halves
Frontal - through the center of the body creating front and back pieces
Scapular - not quite frontal or sagittal
Transverse/horizontal - cut into top and bottom pieces

Question 5

Relationships

Answer 5

S/I
P/D
A/P
M/L
S/D
D/V

Question 6

Motions

Answer 6

Flex/Ext
AB/AD
Med Rot/Lat Rot
Sup/Pron
Dorsiflex/plantarflex
Inversion/Eversion

Question 7

Nervous system major divisions

Answer 7

cns/pns
somatic(volition)/autonomic(automatic)
within pns - afferent(toward cns-sensory)/efferent(exiting cns-motor)

Question 8

composition of a neuron

Answer 8

cell body, dendrites, axon, terminal branches

Question 9

functional unit of the nervous system

Answer 9

neuron

Question 10

myelin

Answer 10

allows for impulses to be sent fast along the axon

Question 11

axon

Answer 11

many packaged within 1 nerve

each axon can have a different function

Question 12

T/F the motor and sensory axons may be within the same nerve

Answer 12

TRUE

Question 13

spinal cord segments

Answer 13

c1-c8
t1-t12
l1-l5
s1-s5
cg1

Question 14

spinal nerves

Answer 14

arise from rootlets into

• anterior (ventral) nerve root - efferent - motor
• posterior (dorsal) nerve root - afferent - sensory

Question 15

each segment of the spinal cord has sensory innervation(_____) and muscle innervation (_____)

Answer 15

dermatome, myotome

Question 16

locations for Cervical dermatomes

Answer 16

1. C2 - lower jaw/upper neck (A), back of the head and ears (P)
2. C3- inner part of the collarbone to the trap (A), upper neck and back of the head to top of the trap (P)
3. C4 - Sternum to upper shoulders (A), lower neck to upper shoulder (P)
4. C5 - lateral area of the collarbones, upper shoulder, lateral aspect of the upper arm (A), lower shoulder, lateral aspect of the upper arm (P)
5. C6 - lateral aspect of the forearm and cuboidal fossa into the thumb and index fingers (A); lateral aspect of the forearm and lateral elbow into the thumb
6. C7 - middle finger up to wrist (A); middle and index fingers up to wrist (P)
7. C8 - Ring and pinky finger and medial aspect of distal forearm(A/P)

Question 17

sensory testing

Answer 17

always start with a known dermatome/or area that is able to be tested and continue with random testing so the patient doesn’t get used to the pattern

Question 18

Peripheral nerve distribution

Answer 18

DONT need to know all of the nerves and their roots!

Axons from spinal nerves combine to ultimately form peripheral nerves

Question 19

Radial and median nerve locations

Answer 19

test for pain on the dermatome vs the peripheral nerve distribution location

Question 20

Clinical symptoms for impairments of the pns

Answer 20

parasthesia - numbness/tingling
diminished sensation
weakness
pain
movement dysfunction

Question 21

Causes of impairments of the pns

Answer 21

pressure
ischemia
metabolic/chemical changes
disease - MS/ALS
trauma

Question 22

Patient demonstrates an area of diminished sensation and parasthesia over the lateral aspect of the right thigh, what are the hypotheses

Answer 22

L2 dermatome

lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh impairment

Question 23

peripheral nerve distribution branching

Answer 23

the peripheral nerves branch of into many places, but if it is around a cutaneous receptor as well then it may be an issue of a dermatome - spinal nerve distribution

Question 24

sensory testing**

Answer 24

superficial (exteroceptors) - pain, temp, light touch, pressure
deep (proprioceptors) - position sense, kinesthesia, vibration
Combined cortical*** (stereognosis, 2-pt discrimination, graphesthesia, texture, barognosis)

Question 25

Thoracic dermatomes of the upper extremities

Answer 25

1. T1 – medial forearm into medial cuboidal fossa (A), Medial forearm into medial elbow (P)
2. T2 – Medial upper arm/bicep into chest (A), Medial aspect of the triceps and top of the elbow into the proximal end of the lats (P)

Question 26

Lumbar dermatomes of the lower extremities

Answer 26

1. L1 – hip flexors and proximal pubis (A), lower back into hip Abductor (P)
2. L2 – lateral quad (A), Lower back to around the IT band and some of the lateral part of the glutes and hamstrings (P)
3. L3 – medial quad and hip Adductors to the knee and the top of the shins (A), Adductor muscles on the medial thigh and proximal medial gastroc (P)
4. L4 – medial shin down to the top of the medial foot (A), Medial gastroc down through achilles to the heel (P)
5. L5 – base of the knee down through the lateral shin and to the first 3 toes (A), base of the knee down through the lateral gastroc and to the first 3 toes (P)

Question 27

Sacral dermatomes of the lower extremities

Answer 27

1. S1 – lateral foot and toes 4 and 5 (A), Achilles down through the heel to toes 4 and 5 (P)
2. S2 – base of glutes down through majority of the hamstrings and through the center of the calf all the way down to the top of the achilles (P ONLY)
3. S3 – Genitals (A), medial aspect of the glutes (P)