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Cognitive Psych > Chapter 1-introduction To Cognitive Psych > Flashcards

Chapter 1-introduction To Cognitive Psych Flashcards

1
Q

Cognition Involves

A
  • perception
  • paying attention
  • remembering
  • distinguishing items in a category
  • visualizing
  • understanding and production of language
  • problem solving
  • reasoning and decision making
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2
Q

What is cognitive psychology

A

Scientific study if the mind concerned with attention, perception and attention

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3
Q

Donders

A
  • 1868
  • measured how long it takes a person to make a decision
  • reaction time (RT) experiment
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4
Q

Reaction Time (RT) experiment

A
  • Donders
  • measures interval between stimulus presentation and persons response time
  • involves simple RT task and choice RT task
  • stimulus->mental process->behavioural response
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5
Q

Time to make a decision?

A

=choice RT-simple RT

-choice RT is 1/10 sec longer than simple RT

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6
Q

Ebbinghaus

A

-1885
-read a list of nonsense syllabus aloud to
determine the number of repetitions necessary to repeat a list without errors
-after taking a break (retention interval) he relearned the list

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7
Q

“Savings” in ebbinghaus experiment

A

Savings=(Original time to learn list)-(Time to relearn list after delay)

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8
Q

Savings curve

A

Shows savings as a function of retention interval (time between initial learning and testing)

Forgetting occurs rapidly over the first two days and then occurs more slowly after that

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9
Q

Wundt

A
  • Structuralism
  • 1879
  • established first psych lab
  • overall experience is determined by combining basic elements of experience called sensations
  • analytic introspection
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10
Q

Analytic introspection

A

-participants trained to describe experiences and thought processes in response to stimuli

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11
Q

William James

A
  • 1890
  • taught first psych course
  • observations based on the function of his own mind, not experiments
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12
Q

John Watson (& Rainer)

A
  • behaviourism: Which eliminates the study of the mind and studies only directly observable behaviour
  • “little Albert” (1920)
  • examined how pairing one stimulus with another affected behaviour (classical conditioning)
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13
Q

Watson’s two problems with analytic introspection

A
  1. Extremely variable results per person

2. Results are difficult to verify due to focus on invisible inner mental processes

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14
Q

Classical Conditioning

A
  • pair neutral stimulus with an event that naturally produces some outcome
  • after many pairings the “neutral” event now also produces the outcome
  • Pavlov and Watson
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15
Q

Skinner

A

-1938
interested in determining relationship between
stimuli and response
-operant conditioning

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16
Q

Operant conditioning

A

-behaviour can be shaped by rewards or punishments

17
Q

When was behaviourism approach dominant

A

1940s-1960s

18
Q

Tolman

A
  • 1938
  • rat/maze experiment
  • rats created a cognitive map of the maze in their minds
  • rejected behaviourist perspective
19
Q

What started the decline in behaviourism

A

-a controversy proposed by Chomsky over language acquisition (Skinner 1957 argued children learn language through operant conditioning: imitation and repetition through reward)

20
Q

Chomsky

A
  • 1959
  • argued that children don’t only learn language through repetition and reinforcement
  • children say things they have never heard and cannot be imitating
  • children say things that are incorrect and have not been rewarded for

Therefore language must be determined by inborn biological program

21
Q

How to understand complex cognitive behaviour

A
  • measure observable behaviour
  • make inference about underlying cognitive activity
  • consider what this behaviour says about how the mind works
22
Q

Cognitive Revolution

A
  • 1950s and 1960s
  • shift from behaviourist focus on stimulus-response associations to an approach that tries to explain behaviour in terms of the mind
  • Information processing approach
23
Q

Kuhn

A
  • 1962

- defined a scientific revolution as a shift from one paradigm to another

24
Q

A scientific revolution involves a

A

Paradigm shift

25
Q

Information-processing approach

A
  • apart of cognitive revolution
  • way to study the mind based in insights associated with the computer
  • states that operation of the mind occur in stages
26
Q

Cherry

A
  • 1953
  • built on James idea of attention
  • “dichotic” listening
  • participants were able to focus only on the message they were shadowing
27
Q

Broadbent

A
  • 1958
  • developed flow diagram to show what occurs as a person directs attention to one stimulus
  • unattended info does not pass through the filter

Input->filter->detector->memory

28
Q

Artificial intelligence

A

Making a machine behave in ways that would be called intelligent if a human were behaving that way

29
Q

Simon and Newell

A
  • created the logic theorist program

- could create proofs of mathematical theorems involving logic principles

30
Q

Evolution of cognitive psychology

A

Since the cognitive revolution the field of cognitive psych continued to evolve

  1. From perception to higher level cognition
  2. Study of the physiology of mental processes
31
Q

Arkinson and Shiffrin

A
  • 1968
  • developed a three stage model of memory:
    1. Sensory memory (less than one second)
    2. short term memory (few seconds, limited capacity)
    3. long term memory (long duration, high capacity)
32
Q

Tulving

A

-divides long term memory into three components:

  1. Episodic (life events)
  2. Semantic (facts)
  3. Procedural (physical actions)
33
Q

Physiology of cognition involves

A
  • neuropsychology
  • electrophysiology
  • brain imaging
34
Q

Neuropsychology

A

Studies the behaviours of people with brain damage

35
Q

Electrophysiology

A

Studies electrical responses of the nervous system including brain neurons

36
Q

Brain imaging

A

PET (positron emission tomography)
fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging)

Show which brain areas are active during specific episodes of cognition

Cognitive Psych (21 decks)

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