CHAPTER 7 Flashcards
Innate Immunity: Inflammation
first line of defense:
biochemical barriers:
-synthesize and secrete substances to trap or destroy _____
–_____ in mucous, _____ (sweat), _____, _____, and _____
-_____:
–Catheliciclins, defensins (a defensins in neutrophil granules and B defensins, and collectins (lungs))
-normal microbiome
–inhibits _____ by pathogens; releases chemicals that prevent _____
–vaginal: _____
–intestinal: _____, _____, and _____
microorganisms antibacterial peptides perspiration saliva tears earwax antimicrobial peptides colonization infection lactobacillus ammonia phenols indols
endothelium
- maintains normal blood flow
- endothelial cells produce _____ and _____
- -NO and PGI2 maintain blood flow and pressure and inhibit platelet activation
- -NO maintains vascular tone
- during inflammation, the endothelium:
- -expresses receptors that help leukocytes leave the circulation
- -reacts to allow fluid to pass into the tissues
- damage to endothelium promotes clotting
nitric oxide (NO) prostacyclin (PGI2)
nitric oxide
effects of NO on inflammation include _____ by inducing _____ of _____, a response that is _____ and _____, and by suppressing _____, as well as _____ and _____
vasodilation relaxation vascular smooth muscles local short lived mast cell function platelet adhesion aggregation
interleukins (ILs)
- produced primarily by _____ and _____ in response to _____ or stimulation by other products of _____
- help regulate _____
- many types exist
- examples:
- -_____ is a proinflammatory cytokine: causes _____
- -_____ is a proinflammatory cytokine: helps with _____
- -_____ is an anti-inflammatory cytokine
- -_____ is an anti-inflammatory cytokine
macrophages lymphocytes microorganisms inflammation inflammation IL-1 fever IL-6 healing IL-10 transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-B)
platelets:
- are cellular fragments formed from _____
- platelets are also called _____
- activation of platelets stops _____ and _____
- platelets contain _____ and _____ granules
- normal platelet count: _____
megakaryocytes thrombocytes bleeding degranulation alpha dense 150,000
PHAGOCYTES neutrophils -are also referred to as \_\_\_\_\_ (PMNs) -predominate in \_\_\_\_\_ -ingest \_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_, and \_\_\_\_\_ -are \_\_\_\_\_ lived and become components of the \_\_\_\_\_ -primary roles: --removal of \_\_\_\_\_ in \_\_\_\_\_ --\_\_\_\_\_ of bacteria in \_\_\_\_\_
polymorphonuclear neutrophils early inflammatory responses bacteria dead cells cellular debris short purulent exudate (pus) debris sterile lesions phagocytosis non sterile lesions
PHAGOCYTES -eosinophils --provide the defense against \_\_\_\_\_ and regulate \_\_\_\_\_ --help control \_\_\_\_\_ of \_\_\_\_\_
parasites
vascular mediators
vascular effects
inflammation
phagocytosis steps
- _____: phagocytes gain enhanced _____ and adhere to _____
- -(glue between the phagocyte and the target cell by _____, making the _____ more susceptible to phagocytosis) and _____
- _____: microorganisms are _____
- -small _____ surround adherent _____
- _____: _____ is formed
- _____: _____ enter the phagocyte
- -creates a _____
- _____: microorganisms are killed and _____
- -uses primary and secondary _____
opsonization or recognition recognize bacteria C3b foreign cell adherence engulfment ingested pseudopods microorganism phagosome intracellular phagocytic vacuole fusion lysosomal granules phagolysosome destruction of the target ingested granules
local manifestations of inflammation result from _____ and corresponding leakage of circulating components in the _____
- heat: from _____ and _____
- redness: _____ and _____
- swelling: _____ causes the edema. from _____ and _____ from increased _____ -edema
- pain: from _____ exerted by _____, _____, and _____
- loss of function: may also occur
vascular changes tissue vasodilation increased blood flow vasodilation increased blood flow increased capillary permeability exudate accumulations fluid capillary permeability pressure exudate accumulations prostaglandins bradykinins
systemic manifestations of inflammation-fever and leukocytosis
fever:
-caused by _____ and _____
-acts directly on the _____
leukocytosis:
- increased numbers of _____
- _____ shift, increase in _____ (bands)
increased plasma protein synthesis:
- _____ -phase reactants
- -_____, _____, _____, _____, and _____
exogenous endogenous (IL-1) pyrogens hypothalamus circulating leukocytes left immature cells acute C-reactive protein fibrinogen amyloid A ceruloplasmin
resolution and repair
_____:
-most favorable outcome
resolution:
-returning _____ to the _____ and _____
repair:
- _____ replaces _____
- -scar tissue: primarily composed of _____ to restore the _____ of the _____
regernation injured tissue original structure function nonfunctioning scar tissue destroyed tissue collagen tensile strength tissue
HEALING
primary intention:
-wounds that heal under _____
-original tissue _____ and _____ that have been _____
secondary intention
- wounds that require significantly more _____
- -_____
- wounds that cause _____
minimal tissue loss structure function restored tissue replacement open wound scar formation
HEALING
reconstructive phase:
-wound begins to heal
-healing begins _____ after the injury and continues for _____
-the role of the _____ occurs during the reconstructive phase of wound healing is to _____ and _____ _____ and the _____
-_____: cells from healthy tissues grow into wound
-wound contracts through the actions of _____
-_____ occurs
3 to 4 days 2 weeks fibroblast proliferation synthesize secrete collagen connective tissue proteins epithelialization myofibroblasts cellular differentiation
dysfunctional wound healing
dysfunction during reconstructive phase
- impaired _____ assembly
- -causes: _____
- -_____: collagen matrix assembly
- -_____ scar
- impaired _____: best clean solution _____
- -antiinflammatory steroids, hyoxemia, and nutritional deficiencies
- impaired contraction
- -_____: results from excessive myofibroblast-derived tension
collagen matrix malnutrition keloid scar hypertrophic epithelialization normal saline contractures
aging and mechanisms of self defense:
- impaired or delayed inflammation is likely a result of _____
- -_____ or _____, among others
- _____ may interfere with wound healing
- infections are more common in _____
- -_____, _____, and _____ are often affected
- -older adults have diminished _____
- -expression and function of several, if not all, _____, are decreased
chronic illness diabetes cardiovascular disease medications older adults lungs bladder skin immune function TLRs
