CHAPTER 17 Flashcards
cognitive systems
-Cognitive cerebral functions require a functioning _____ (RAS)
reticular activating system
the reticular formation
- the reticular formation extends through the central core of the _____, _____, and _____
- it is an intricate system composed of _____ in what is otherwise _____
medulla oblongata pons midbrain loosely clustered neurons white matter
Direct destruction of the reticulating activation system (RAS)
- _____ disorders produce a decline in _____ through a direct destruction of the RAS and its pathways.
- The most common cause of direct destruction is _____, but _____, _____, _____, _____, and _____ injury also may cause brainstem destruction by _____ compression.
Infratentorial arousal cerebrovascular disease demyelinating diseases neoplasms granulomas abscesses head tissue
alterations in arousal
pattern of breathing
-_____: Lower brainstem centers regulate breathing pattern
-_____: Abnormal rhythm of breathing with alternating periods of hyperventilation and apnea
Posthyperventilation apnea
Cheyne-Stokes respirations
Posthyperventilation apnea (PHVA)
- With normal breathing, a neural center in the forebrain (_____) produces a _____ breathing pattern. When consciousness decreases, _____ regulate the breathing pattern by responding only to changes in _____ levels.
- This irregular breathing pattern is called _____
- Rhythmic breathing returns when the carbon dioxide PCO2 level returns to _____.
cerebrum rhythmic lower brainstem centers PaCO2 PHVA normal
Cheyne-Stokes
-Cheyne-Stokes respiration is an abnormal rhythm of breathing (_____ breathing) that alternates between _____ and _____.
periodic
hyperventilation
apnea
Alterations in Arousal motor responses -\_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_, and \_\_\_\_\_ Involve the medulla. Vomiting without nausea indicates the direct involvement of the \_\_\_\_\_ mechanism (or \_\_\_\_\_ obstruction).
-Vomiting, yawning, and hiccups are complex reflexlike _____ responses that are integrated by _____ mechanisms in the _____ brainstem. Vomiting often accompanies CNS injuries that involve the _____
Vomiting yawning hiccupping central neural pyloric motor neural lower vestibular nuclei
Brain Death (Total Brain Death)
Brain death criteria:
-Completion of all appropriate, _____
-_____ (absence of motor and reflex responses)
0No spontaneous _____ (apnea)
-No _____ function
-Isoelectric (flat) electroencephalography (EEG) for _____ hours.
therapeutic procedures Unresponsive coma respirations brainstem 6 to 12
cerebral death
survivors of cerebral death
-Emerge into a _____
diagnostic criteria for a vegetative state
-Include the return of professed vegetative (_____) functions
- _____ cycles
- normalization of _____ and _____ system functions
vegetative state autonomic Sleep-wake respiratory digesive
delirium
Clinical manifestations
-Autonomic nervous system overactivity
-Typical development of over _____ days, most commonly in _____ units, _____, or during withdrawal from _____ (e.g., alcohol, narcotic agents)
2 to 3
critical care
postsurgically
central nervous system (CNS) depressants
dementia clinical manifestations
- _____
- _____
- _____
memory
speech
decision making
alzheimers disease
Pathophysiology
-No known cause
-_____ plaques, _____ tangles, as well as _____ and _____ losses in the brain, characterize Alzheimer disease.
Amyloid
neurofibrillary
neuronal
synaptic
seizure disorders
- Seizure: Is a sudden, _____ alteration of brain function caused by an abrupt _____, disorderly discharge of _____.
- Diseases and conditions associated with seizure disorders
- -Although the _____ may be supplemented with the remaining options, it remains the pivotal tool for establishing the cause of a seizure disorder.
transient
explosive
cerebral neurons
history
The most critical aspect in correctly diagnosing a seizure disorder and establishing its cause is _____
health history
seizure disorders
types:
-_____: Neurons unilaterally
-_____
Partial (focal) seizures
Status Epilepticus
