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PSYCHOLOGY 104 > TOPIC 3: NEUROSCIENCE AND BEHAVIOUR > Flashcards

TOPIC 3: NEUROSCIENCE AND BEHAVIOUR Flashcards

1
Q

phrenology

A

linked physical state and mind, study of bumps on your skull.

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2
Q

reductionism

A

philosophy that a complex system can be explained by reducing it to its component parts.

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3
Q

myelin sheath

A
  • fatty cells surrounding axon
  • increases processing speed of electric current.
  • degeneration of myelin sheath can lead to multiple sclerosis
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4
Q

where is the neurone + or - when polarized

A

positive outside and negative inside

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5
Q

what’s the state when the neuron is polarized

A

resting potential

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6
Q

action potential

A

electrochemical process that produces a traveling electrical charge along the axon

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7
Q

depolarization

A

Na+ channels open briefly, Na+ enters

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8
Q

depolarization

A

K+ channels open, K+ exits

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9
Q

where does depolarization and repolarization occur

A

occurs as a wave down the length of the axon terminal button

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10
Q

ion pumps function

A

restores balance of Na+ and K+ ions

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11
Q

absolute refractory period

A

time after an action potential during which another action potential cannot begin

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12
Q

synapse

A

functional connection between neutrons

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13
Q

synaptic cleft

A

gap between terminal buttons of one neutron and dendrites of another neuron

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14
Q

how are messages given

A

carried across by neurotransmitters

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15
Q

neurotransmitters

A

chemical messenger released by traveling charge

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16
Q

excitatory

A

opens channels allowing inflow of positively charged ions

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17
Q

inhibitory

A

opens channels allowing outflow of positively charged ions or inflow of negatively charges ions.

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18
Q

when is it increased likelihood of neurone firing?

A

during excitatory state, decreased likelihood during inhibitory state

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19
Q

threshold

A

minimum activity needed for action potential to occur

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20
Q

all monoamines

A
  • dopamine
  • norepinephrine
  • serotonin
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21
Q

all amino acids

A
  • glutamate
  • gamma-aminobutyric acid
  • endorphins
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22
Q

acetylcholine

A

(ACh)
-excititory transmitter between motor neurone and muscles; learning and memory

  • low levels of ACh associated with Alzheimers disease
  • curare is antagonistic towards ACh, and blocks it.
  • nicotine ACh receptors activate by nicotine (agonist)
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23
Q

curare

A

antagonistic : blocks ACh actions on muscles

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24
Q

dopamine

A

(DA)
- voluntary movements, emotional arousal, learning, memory, pleasure system.

  • degeneration is linked to Parkinson’s disease
  • high levels implicated in schizophrenia
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25
Q

norepinephrine

A

(NE)

- alertness and arousal, intense fear and pain, enhances attentions and memory.

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26
Q

serotonin

A

(5-HT)

- generally inhibitory; controls sleep/wakefulness/arousal; implicated in aggression, mood and pain.

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27
Q

glutamate

A

(Glu)

- always excitatory; NMD receptor implicated in learning/memory and neural plasticity

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28
Q

gamma-animobutyric acid

A

always inhibitory; found throughout the brain

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29
Q

endorphins

A

endogenous (internal) opioids; have analgesic effects, elevate mood.

  • hero is exogenous (external) opioid
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30
Q

components of the CNS

A

brain and spinal cord

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31
Q

components of PNS

A

somatic and autonomic

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32
Q

what components make up the autonomic

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

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33
Q

what parts are ascending tracts connected too

A

the brain

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34
Q

what parts are descending tracts connect to

A

the brain ====> muscles

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35
Q

afferent fibre

A

reflex

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36
Q

interneuron

A

(spinal cord)

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37
Q

efferent fibre

A

controls muscle

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38
Q

electrical stimulation of brain

A

(ESB)

stimulate brain region with electrode and ask patients what they experience

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39
Q

lesions

A

surgical destruction of tissue, frontal lobotomy severs connection of frontal lobe; reduces seizures.

40
Q

electroencephalogram

A

(EEG)

-amplifies evoked potentials produced by large numbers of neurons

41
Q

intra/extracellular

A

-recordings: measure activity of a single neuron using micro electrode

42
Q

CT (computerized tomography)

A
  • multiple X-rays enhanced by computer
  • shows structure
43
Q

PET( positron emission tomography)

A
  • take radioactive form of glucose
    - X-rays cause positron to be emitted
    - shows metabolic activity
44
Q

MRI (positron emission tomography)

A
  • magnetic field aligns spinning hydrogen nuclei, found in water molecules I tissue of the body
  • resonant radio wave pulse disorients them
  • protons emit radio waves open alignment
  • shows detailed structure
45
Q

FMRI (functional MRI)

A
  • hemoglobin (which carried oxygen in the blood) contains an iron atom that has magnetic properties
  • strong magnetic fail aligns magnetic molecules
  • radio waves pulse disorients them
  • upon alignment, protons emit radio waves which can be measured quickly
  • shows metabolic activity
46
Q

pros and cons to brain imaging

A

PROS:
- can show neural correlates of a function

  • applications range from promising (neurodiagnosis)

CONS:
- can ONLY show neural correlates of a function

  • to dodgy (neuromarketing, neuropolitics)
  • people are more likely to be convinced by:
    (evidence. contacting irrelevant information) & ( brain images that are redundant with other evidence)
47
Q

what is the brain stem made up of

A

( three components )

  • medulla
  • pons
  • midbrain
48
Q

what is the brain stem connected to

A

spinal cord

49
Q

components of hindbrain

A

(three components)

  • cerebellum
  • medulla
  • pons
50
Q

cerebellum

A

motor coordinations; control of ballistic movements

51
Q

Medulla

A

heart rate, respiration

52
Q

Pons

A

sleep stages, arousal

53
Q

Midbrain

A
  • includes relay centres for vision and audition

- reticular formation

54
Q

reticular formation

A

reflexes, breathing, pain, sleep & wakefulness.

55
Q

Forebrain

A

(three components)

  • thalamus
  • basal ganglia
  • hypothalamus
56
Q

thalamus

A

relay / processing centre for incoming sensory informational; and regulates arousal

57
Q

Basal ganglia

A

control slower, deliberate actions

58
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Mediator between brain & endocrine system (glands and hormones); regulates bodily functioning

59
Q

Limbic system

A

(three components)

  • hippocampus
  • amygdala
  • nucleus accumbens
60
Q

hippocampus

A

important forearming and retrieving memories

61
Q

amygdala

A

plays a role in emotion, aggression

62
Q

nucleus accumbens

A

involved in reward, pleasure ad addiction

63
Q

cerebral cortex

A
  • outermost layer of the brain; responsible for higher order functioning
- wrinkles increase surface area 
(3 components) 
-Gyrus 
-sulcus 
-longitudinal fissure
64
Q

Gyrus

A

convolutes ridge between anatomical grooves in the cerebral cortex

65
Q

Sulcus

A

small groove in the cortex (vs. fissure which is deeper)

66
Q

longitudinal Fissure

A

divides brain into two hemispheres,

67
Q

how many lobes are the hemispheres dived into

A

4 four lobes

68
Q

name the four lobes

A
  • forntal lobe
  • parietal lobe
  • temporal lobe
  • occipital lobe
69
Q

Frontal lobe

A

includes motor cortex (move forward)

  • assisting in planning, controlling and executive behaviour; emotions control; judgment speech production
70
Q

Parietal lobe

A

includes somatosensory cortex (touch a person)

  • processing sensory information regarding the location of parts of the body as well as interpreting visual information and processing language
71
Q

Occipital lobe

A

includes visual cortex(see an object)

  • does vision & spatial processing, colour, motion perception.
72
Q

contralaterally

A

opposites side

  • motor functions: right side of body is governed by the left side of the brain (& vice-versa)
  • vision: object in right visual field first goes to the left occipital lobe (& vice-versa)
73
Q

which part of the brain connects the two hemispheres

A

corpus collosum

74
Q

how can one hemisphere be studied ?

A

through split brain syndrome

75
Q

split-brain syndrome

A
  • corpus callous severed surgically, leaving left and right brain hemispheres intact– but mostly separated
  • if an image was present to the right visual field, the patient could verbal identify it
  • of the image was presented to the left visual field, the patient was unable to verbally name it.
  • however, they could select the correct item using their left hand.
76
Q

Roger Sperry

A

Studied Split-brain

77
Q

collection of cell bodies in neutral nervous system

A

nucleus

78
Q

collections of body cells in peripheral nervous system

A

ganglion

79
Q

alien and syndrome

A

patient loses conscious control of one hand, which seems to act on its own.

  • the domination hemisphere loses conscious control over the ipsilateral hand
  • caused when corpus collosum is damaged or severed
80
Q

ipsilateral

A

same side

left hand left hemisphere

81
Q

hemisphere specialization

A
  • in split-brain patients, the two hemispheres of the brain function largely independently; whereas in intact brains, functions are integrated
82
Q

left and right side of split brain hemispheres

A

left side: superior for functions like speech, math, and logic

right side: superior for cantons like recognizing faces, handling emotions, and spatial tasks

83
Q

Neural plasticity

A
  • is experience dependant
  • can produce extensive
    changes in the cortical regions
  • can occur during any stages of the lifespan-even adulthood
  • ‘brain training’ is billion-dollar industry- but is difficult to help make brains younger
84
Q

Marian Diamond & colleagues (1964)

A

Experiment: how do experiences change the cortex of rats.

rats placed in three controlled environments for 30days

  • enriched
  • standard
  • impoverished
  • cortex of enriched group increases in thickness compared to standard group
  • impoverished groups thickness decreased
85
Q

Eleanor Maguire & colleagues (2002)

A

Experiment: ca adult human brains change with experience

  • taxi drivers posterior hippocampus were larger compared to control participants
  • right posterior hippocampus volume was correlated with ice spent as a taxi driver (problem with this and a following stid followed)
86
Q

Maguire, Wollett, & Spiers, (2006)

A

taxi drivers posterior hippocampus were larger then bus drivers

87
Q

Woollett & Maguire, (2011)

A

successful trainees had improved memories, and their hippocampi grew over time

conclusions:
• hippocampus is important for processing and storing navigational and spatial information
• may be due to growth of new neurons (neurogenesis), or increased neural connection

88
Q

conclusion from all of the taxi drivers experiments

A
  • hippocampus is important for processing and storing navigation and spatial information
  • may be due to growth of new neurone (neurogenesis), or increases neural connections
89
Q

neurogenesis

A

the growth or development of new neurons

90
Q

Richard Haier & colleagues (2009)

A

Experiment: how does playing video games affect brain structure

  • lil girls played Tetris for 1.5 hours per week for 3 months
  • BRAINS WERE ANALYZED USING FMRI
  • results: increased efficiency of some cortical area (mostly in frontal lobe)
  • different area of the cortex got thicker (indicates grey matter)
91
Q

what happens when neurotransmitters are not relieved by the other end?? reuptake ??

A

when neurotransmitters are deactivated by being broken down, or by reuptake which is when they are reabsorbed into axon terminals

92
Q

( split brain syndrome) If an image was presented to the right visual field

A

the patient could verbally identify it

93
Q

( split brain syndrome) If an image was presented to the left visual field

A

the patient was unable to verbally name it, however, they could select the correct item using their left hand

94
Q

left hemisphere superior functions

A

speech, math, and logic

95
Q

right hemisphere superior functions

A

recognizing faces, handling emotions, and spatial tasks

96
Q

what did we learn from Richards Haier’s experiment ??

A
  • increased efficiency of some cortical areas (mostly frontal lobe)
  • different area of the cortex got thicker (indicates increased grey area)
97
Q

Temporal lobe

A

includes auditory cortex (heara tone)

  • handles auditory processing, language comprehension, vision, memory formation; object categorization

PSYCHOLOGY 104 (10 decks)

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