wk 6 - Renal function II

Question 1

______ blood pressure is a sign of pre-renal uraemia.

Answer 1

Low blood pressure is a sign of pre-renal uraemia.

Question 2

The estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) doesn’t take into account the ______ sample.

Answer 2

The estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) doesn’t take into account the urine sample.

Question 3

_____ blood pressure is a sign of post-renal obstruction.

Answer 3

High blood pressure is a sign of post-renal obstruction.

Question 4

why are plasma creatinine & urea (UCE) tests done together?

Answer 4

urea and creatinine both have differing limitations as markers of GFR - so both are tested to eliminate these

Question 5

_____________ is the inflammation and damage of the filtration system of the kidneys, which can cause kidney failure.

Answer 5

Glomerulonephritis is the inflammation and damage of the filtration system of the kidneys, which can cause kidney failure.

Question 6

Patients with ———————————— could have metabolic acidosis blood, whereas their urine is alkaline, pH > 7.

Answer 6

Patients with Renal tubular acidosis could have metabolic acidosis blood, whereas their urine is alkaline, pH > 7.

Question 7

During acute renal failure, sodium appears in low concentration in the blood due to ________________.

Answer 7

During acute renal failure, sodium appears in low concentration in the blood due to pseudohyponatremia.

Question 8

In the kidney, drugs are moved by active transport from the blood into the ————- to urine

Answer 8

In the kidney, drugs are moved by active transport from the blood into the Distal convoluted tubule to urine

Question 9

Renal Tubular Acidosis patients could have metabolic acidosis ______ , whereas their ______ is alkaline.

Answer 9

Renal Tubular Acidosis patients could have metabolic acidosis blood, whereas their urine is alkaline.

Question 10

Brittle hair, thin nails, and white/yellow crystals of urate on skin are symptoms of

a) Acute renal failure
b) Chronic renal failure

Answer 10

b) Chronic renal failure

Question 11

• decreased protein intake
• pregnancy
• severe liver disease
• severe vomitting
• diarrhoea

are all causes of ___________ BUN/blood urea concentration

Answer 11

• decreased protein intake
• pregnancy
• severe liver disease
• severe vomitting
• diarrhoea

are all causes of decreased BUN/blood urea concentration

Question 12

a high BUN/plasma urea (ref range: 3.2 - 7.1) indicates a _____ GFR

Answer 12

a high BUN/plasma urea (ref range: 3.2 - 7.1) indicates a low GFR

Question 13

Using analgesics over a long period of time may cause ————— disease.

Answer 13

Using analgesics over a long period of time may cause chronic kidney disease.

Question 14

Glomerulonephritis is the most common cause for ________ syndrome in adults.

Answer 14

Glomerulonephritis is the most common cause for nephrotic syndrome in adults.

Question 15

A useful test for detecting risk of diabetic nephropathy is:

a) Albumin creatinine ratio
b) Creatinine
c) HbA1C

Answer 15

a) Albumin creatinine ratio

Question 16

Analgesics are safe to use. However, using analgesics over a long period of time may cause _________

a) Cough
b) Cancer
c) Chronic kidney disease
d) Diarrhoea

Answer 16

c) Chronic kidney disease

Question 17

During acute renal failure, the kidney goes from _______ phase to ________ phase.

Answer 17

During acute renal failure, the kidney goes from oliguric phase to diuretic phase.

Question 18

What is the gold standard for GFR?

Answer 18

inulin

Question 19

___________ is a test highly recommended to assess tubular function specifically for renal transplant patients.

Answer 19

beta 2-microglobilin is a test highly recommended to assess tubular function specifically for renal transplant patients.

Question 20

plasma BUN reference range is?

Answer 20

3. 2 - 7.1
   - high BUN = low GFR = renal failure

Question 21

renal tubular acidosis is a syndrome due to either a defect in proximal tubule ___________ reabsorption, or a defect in distal tubule ___________ secretion, or both.

Answer 21

RTA is a syndrome due to either a defect in proximal tubule bicarbonate reabsorption, or a defect in distal tubule hydrogen ion secretion, or both.

Question 22

80% of patients with Nephrolithiasis have ________ stones.

Answer 22

80% of patients with Nephrolithiasis have calcium stones.

Question 23

plasma osmolarity reference range?

Answer 23

285 ~10 mOSm/L

Question 24

During post-renal obstruction, GFR is initially normal but will eventually lead to _______ renal damage where GFR is ________ and tubular function is impaired.

Answer 24

During post-renal obstruction, GFR is initially normal but will eventually lead to intinsic/intra renal damage where GFR is reduced and tubular function is impaired.

Question 25

Nephrotic syndrome is characterised by how much albumin in urine / day?

Answer 25

>3.5 grams

Question 26

Anti-diuretic analogue is also termed ——–

Answer 26

desmopressin

Question 27

————is when you have blood in urine.

Answer 27

Hematuria

Question 28

The following are expected to be seen in a healthy person’s urine, however, in case of glomerulonephritis, we are more likely to see _________ in urine.

a) Blood and protein
b) Water and sodium
c) Calcium and potassium
d) Creatinine and urea

Answer 28

a) Blood and protein

Question 29

A __________ is a condition that has a known cause, a fairly consistent set of symptoms, and a quantifiable alteration of a person’s anatomy.

Answer 29

A disease is a condition that has a known cause, a fairly consistent set of symptoms, and a quantifiable alteration of a person’s anatomy.

Question 30

Normal blood pH is —————-, whereas normal urine pH is —————–.

Answer 30

Normal blood pH is 7.35 - 7.45, whereas normal urine pH is 6.

Question 31

In chronic renal failure, the patient smells like __________

a) Blood
b) Citric acid
c) Glucose
d) Urine/ammonia

Answer 31

d) Urine/ammonia

Question 32

What is the most common cause for nephrotic syndrome in adults?

Answer 32

glomerulonephritis

Question 33

Which test is highly recommended to assess tubular functions?

a) β2-microglobulin
b) Creatinine
c) Myoglobin
d) Microalbuminuria

Answer 33

a) β2-microglobulin

Question 34

Nephrotic syndrome is caused by various disorders that damage the kidneys, particularly the _________________ of the glomerulus. The most common cause in adults is glomerulonephritis.

Answer 34

Nephrotic syndrome is caused by various disorders that damage the kidneys, particularly the basement membrane of the glomerulus. The most common cause in adults is glomerulonephritis.

Question 35

___________ is due to muscle damage, as a result myoglobin in the muscle cells is released into the bloodstream and it beaks down to toxic compounds that can damage the kidney.

Answer 35

rhabdomyolysis is due to muscle damage, as a result myoglobin in the muscle cells is released into the bloodstream and it beaks down to toxic compounds that can damage the kidney.

Question 36

How many liters of blood do the kidneys filtrate a day?

Answer 36

180L

Question 37

The inflammation and damage of the filtration system of the kidneys due to problem in the immune system is termed ———.

Answer 37

glomerulonephritis

Question 38

Glomerulonephritis is the damage and inflammation of the filtration system of the kidneys and that can cause

a) Acute kidney failure
b) Acute/chronic kidney failure
c) Chronic kidney failure

Answer 38

b) Acute/chronic kidney failure

Question 39

Normal GFR is ____ mL/min/1.73m2

However, it is usually written as ≥ ____

(reference range = 80 - 140)

Answer 39

Normal GFR is 100 mL/min/1.73m2

However, it is usually written as ≥ 90

(reference range = 80 - 140)

Question 40

Glomerulonephritis is due to the damage of the _________, this causes blood and proteins to pass into the urine

Answer 40

Glomerulonephritis is due to the damage of the glomeruli, this causes blood and proteins to pass into the urine

Question 41

A __________ is a condition where there are a set of signs and symptoms that often go together, but the cause is unknown.

Answer 41

A syndrome is a condition where there are a set of signs and symptoms that often go together, but the cause is unknown.

Question 42

X-ray can be used to detect patients with renal ________ stones, but it can’t detect patient with uric stones.

Answer 42

X-ray can be used to detect patients with renal calcium stones, but it can’t detect patient with uric stones.

Question 43

Low urine < 100 mL / 24 hour is termed ———

Answer 43

Anuria

Question 44

Nephrotic syndrome means less albumin in _______ and more albumin in _______

Answer 44

Nephrotic syndrome means less albumin in blood and more albumin in urine

Question 45

___________ is the excess of urea and other nitrogenous wastes in the blood and it is the end stage of renal disease (ESRD).

Answer 45

Fatal uremia is the excess of urea and other nitrogenous wastes in the blood and it is the end stage of renal disease (ESRD).

Question 46

Measurement of the urine sodium concentration (FENa) provides information on the integrity of tubular ___________

Answer 46

Measurement of the urine sodium concentration (FENa) provides information on the integrity of tubular reabsorption

Question 47

The decrease in blood volume in the body is termed —–.

Answer 47

Hypovolemia

Question 48

in Acute renal failure - vomiting, diarrhoea, haemorrhage are considered to be due to:

a) Pre-renal uraemia
b) Intrinsic renal damage
c) Post-renal obstruction

Answer 48

a) Pre-renal uraemia

Question 49

The use of analgesics such as acetaminophen and ibuprofen regularly over long durations of time can cause ———-

Answer 49

chronic kidney disease

Question 50

In chronic renal failure, the end stage of renal disease (ESRD) requires:

a) Dialysis or transplant
b) Increase fluid
c) IV sodium
d) IV potassium

Answer 50

a) Dialysis or transplant

Question 51

To differentiate between kidney problem or lack of ADH when there is low osmolarity, patients are given an ____ analogue.

Answer 51

To differentiate between kidney problem or lack of ADH when there is low osmolarity, patients are given an ADH analogue.

- desmopressin

Question 52

80% of patients with Nephrolithiasis have ________ stones.

a) Calcium
b) Magnesium
c) Phosphorous
d) Uric acid

Answer 52

a) Calcium

Question 53

During pre-renal uremia, GFR __________.

Answer 53

During pre-renal uremia, GFR decreases.

Question 54

Normal GFR is usually written as —— mL/min/1.73m2

Answer 54

Normal GFR is usually written as 80 - 140mL/min/1.73m2

Question 55

Albumin creatinine ratio is a useful test for detecting risk of ————————-.

Answer 55

Albumin creatinine ratio is a useful test for detecting risk of diabetic nephropathy

Question 56

Fractional excretion of sodium is about the relation between sodium in ______ and ________.

Answer 56

Fractional excretion of sodium is about the relation between sodium in urine and plasma.

Question 57

although _________ is completely filtered by the glomerulus, about half is reabsorbed when there is decreased blood flow

Answer 57

although urea is completely filtered by the glomerulus, about half is reabsorbed when there is decreased blood flow

Question 58

The typical pH of urine is about ——–, whereas that of blood is ———–

Answer 58

The typical pH of urine is about 6, whereas that of blood is 7.35 - 7.45

Question 59

A typical situation where RTA would be suspected is if urine pH is greater than ____ despite the presence of a metabolic __________.

Answer 59

A typical situation where RTA would be suspected is if urine pH is greater than 7.0 despite the presence of a metabolic acidosis.

(alkaline urine due to hyperchloraemia)

Question 60

_________ is not reabsorbed in the proximal tubules and it is also termed a tubular fluid / golden standard for kidney function tests.

Answer 60

inulin is not reabsorbed in the proximal tubules and it is also termed a tubular fluid / golden standard for kidney function tests.

Question 61

Which test is highly recommended to assess tubular function specifically for renal transplant patients as it is relatively intact molecule?

a) β2-microglobulin
b) Creatinine
c) Myoglobin
d) Microalbuminuria

Answer 61

a) β2-microglobulin

Question 62

Fractional excretion of sodium helps determine if the drop in urine production is due to reduced blood flow (hypovolemia) to the kidney (________) or to kidney damage itself (________)

Answer 62

Fractional excretion of sodium helps determine if the drop in urine production is due to reduced blood flow (hypovolemia) to the kidney (pre-renal) or to kidney damage itself (renal).

Question 63

T/F

Acute renal failure can be reversible?

Answer 63

True

Question 64

Most of the blood acids are coming from ————–

Answer 64

Most of the blood acids are coming from CO₂

Question 65

During acute renal failure, all the following are correct EXCEPT

a) Metabolic alkalosis
b) Hyperkalemia
c) Increase in waste products
d) Hypervolemia
e) Hyponatremia

Answer 65

a) Metabolic alkalosis

Question 66

Glomerulonephritis is the damage of the _________ system in the kidneys.

Answer 66

Glomerulonephritis is the damage of the filtration system in the kidneys.

Question 67

Nephrotic syndrome is more likely accompanied by______ plasma TG, _____ plasma cholesterol and _____ plasma albumin.

Answer 67

Nephrotic syndrome is more likely accompanied by high plasma TG, high plasma cholesterol and low plasma albumin.

Question 68

_____________ tests are sensitive for detecting small decreases in GFR and are useful when monitoring monitoring __________ or assessing ______ doses

Answer 68

clearance tests are sensitive for detecting small decreases in GFR and are useful when monitoring monitoring toxicity or assessing drug doses.

Question 69

The principal of GFR is that some substances when filtered by the kidney enter the tubules, are not reabsorbed and so GFR = ———-%

Answer 69

The principal of GFR is that some substances when filtered by the kidney enter the tubules, are not reabsorbed and so GFR = 100%

Question 70

In the kidney, the ————— are in charge of the reabsorption and secretion process.

Answer 70

In the kidney, the Proximal convoluted tubules are in charge of the reabsorption and secretion process.

Question 71

A typical situation where renal tubular acidosis (RTA) would be suspected is if urine pH is greater than ——– despite the presence of a metabolic ————.

Answer 71

A typical situation where renal tubular acidosis (RTA) would be suspected is if urine pH is greater than 7, despite the presence of a metabolic acdosis.

Question 72

What is the gold standard for GFR?

Answer 72

inulin clearance

• 100% in healthy individuials

Question 73

During acute renal failure, calcium concentration decreases in blood due to _____________, which is necessary to reabsorb calcium from the kidney:

a) Lack of sodium
b) Lack of potassium
c) Lack of 25(OH)Vit D3
d) Lack of 1,25(OH)Vit D3

Answer 73

c) Lack of 25(OH)Vit D3

(inactive Vit D)

Question 74

In cases of renal disease, glomerular filtration rate decreases. So urea and creatinine do not get filtered as they normally would and they both are elevated in blood, BUN:Cr

Answer 74

In cases of renal disease, glomerular filtration rate decreases. So urea and creatinine do not get filtered as they normally would and they both are elevated in blood, BUN:Cr < 15.

Question 75

Low urine volume < 400 mL / 24 hour is termed ———

Answer 75

Oliguria

Question 76

Glomerulonephritis is the inflammation and damage of the filtration system of the kidneys, and it may be caused by specific problems with the body’s ______________, often the precise cause is unknown

Answer 76

Glomerulonephritis is the inflammation and damage of the filtration system of the kidneys, and it may be caused by specific problems with the body’s immune system, often the precise cause is unknown

Question 77

Fractional excretion of sodium helps determine if the drop in urine production is due to pre-renal due to reduced blood flow (hypovolemia), where FENa is ——- and urine osmolality is —— or due to kidney damage itself (renal) where urine osmolality is ——- and FENa is —–.

a) <1%
b) >1%
c) Higher than plasma
d) Similar to plasma

Answer 77

Fractional excretion of sodium helps determine if the drop in urine production is due to pre-renal due to reduced blood flow (hypovolemia), where FENa is <1% and urine osmolality is higher than plasma to kidney damage itself (renal) where urine osmolality is lower than plasma and FENa is >1%

Question 78

How many times per day does the blood gets filtered by the kidneys?

Answer 78

25 - 30 times per day

(180L per day / ~6L total blood volume)

Question 79

———- is the percentage of the sodium filtered by the kidney and is excreted in the urine.

Answer 79

FENa (fractional excretion of sodium) is the percentage of the sodium filtered by the kidney and is excreted in the urine.

(<1% in healthy individuals)

Question 80

In chronic renal failure, the patient smells like ——

Answer 80

urine / ammonia

Question 81

In Acute renal failure, renal stones and enlarged prostate are considered:

a) Pre-renal uraemia
b) Intrinsic renal damage
c) Post-renal obstruction

Answer 81

c) Post-renal obstruction

Question 82

Renal calculi is also called ___________

a) Kidney functions
b) Kidney stones
c) Liver functions
d) Prostate stones

Answer 82

b) Kidney stones

Question 83

GFR reference range?

Answer 83

80 - 140

Question 84

White/yellow crystals of urate on skin is called

a) Hyperkalemia
b) Metabolic acidosis
c) Uremic frost
d) Uremia

Answer 84

c) Uremic frost

Question 85

The right equation to measure the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) if you don’t know your body weight is ——–

Answer 85

MDRD equation

(modified diet on renal disease)

ethnicity - age - sex

Question 86

Uremia is usually happening in case of

a) Acute renal failure
b) Chronic renal failure

Answer 86

b) Chronic renal failure

Question 87

What is the best terminology to describe the abnormalities here? Ref Interval

• Sodium 140 mmol/L 135-145
• Potassium 6.0 mmol/L 3.0-5.0
• Bicarbonate 16 mmol/L 22-32
• Urea 40 mmol/L 3-8
• Creatinine 400 µmol/L 50-120

a) Dehydration and acidosis
b) Dehydration and alkalosis
c) Renal failure and acidosis
d) Renal failure and alkalosis

Answer 87

c) Renal failure and acidosis

Question 88

Patients with renal ________ stones can be detected using x-ray, whereas _________ stones can’t..

Answer 88

Patients with renal calcium stones can be detected using x-ray, whereas uric acid stones can’t..

Question 89

Normally, low MW proteins (e.g. Cystatin C) are filtered by the GFR, reabsorbed by the kidney tubular cells and been catabolized. Whereas, high MW proteins (e.g. blood cells) won’t be filtered and they will remain in the blood too.

In case of kidney diseases, we will find proteins in urine, which are probably due to the following EXCEPT:

a) Glomerulus dysfunction, thus high MW proteins, e.g. albumin, were filtered.
b) Renal tubular cells dysfunction, thus can’t reabsorb low MW proteins and thus they were excreted in urine.
c) Overflow or excessive filtration rate exceeded reabsorption capacity (Bence-Jones)
d) Overflow or excessive reabsorption rate exceeded filtration capacity

Answer 89

d) Overflow or excessive reabsorption rate exceeded filtration capacity

Question 90

The Reference range for GFR is ———– mL/min

Answer 90

The Reference range for GFR is 80 - 140 mL/min

Question 91

Creatinine is a breakdown product of creatine phosphate in which organ?

Answer 91

muscle

Question 92

What is the responsible hormone for concentrating urine and increasing osmolality / osmolarity?

Answer 92

ADH

Question 93

a BUN:Cr ratio < 15 indicates:

a) prerenal uremia (decreased bloodflow to kidneys)
b) renal uremia (acute renal failure, glomerulonephritis, acute tubular necrosis)
c) post renal uremia (urinary tract obstruction)

Answer 93

b) renal uremia (acute renal failure, glomerulonephritis, acute tubular necrosis)

Question 94

In the kidney, the ———— is in charge of filtering the blood.

Answer 94

In the kidney, the glomerulus is in charge of filtering the blood.

Question 95

a BUN:Cr ratio > 20 indicates:

a) prerenal uremia (decreased bloodflow to kidneys)
b) renal uremia (acute renal failure, glomerulonephritis, acute tubular necrosis)
c) post renal uremia (urinary tract obstruction)

Answer 95

a) prerenal uremia (decreased bloodflow to kidneys)

Question 96

______ renal failure develops over hours or days versus years for _______ renal failure

Answer 96

Acute renal failure: develops over hrs or days versus years for chronic renal failure

Question 97

Among the symptoms of chronic renal failure, patient breath smells like ———

Answer 97

ammonia (urine)

- called uremic fetor/uremic halitosis

Question 98

How many times a day, do the kidneys filtrate the blood?

Answer 98

25 - 30 times

(180L per day / ~6L per person)

Question 99

Plasma _________ concentrations are directly related to muscle mass, and plasma levels increase when the GFR decreases by 50-60% making the test insensitive. but still useful for everyday purposes

Answer 99

Plasma creatinine concentrations are directly related to muscle mass, and plasma levels increase when the GFR decreases by 50-60% making the test insensitive. but still useful for everyday purposes

Question 100

a BUN:Cr ratio > 15 indicates:

a) prerenal uremia (decreased bloodflow to kidneys)
b) renal uremia (acute renal failure, glomerulonephritis, acute tubular necrosis)
c) post renal uremia (urinary tract obstruction)

Answer 100

c) post renal uremia (urinary tract obstruction)

Question 101

In the kidneys, inulin is not ——– in the proximal tubules and it goes directly to the urine.

Answer 101

In the kidneys, inulin is not reabsorbed in the proximal tubules and it goes directly to the urine.

Question 102

plasma creatinine reference range is?

Answer 102

80 - 120

Question 103

Renal Tubular Acidosis is a syndrome due to either a defect in proximal tubule __________ or a defect in distal tubule ___________ As a result there is ___________

a) Bicarbonate reabsorption
b) Hydrogen ion secretion
c) Metabolic acidosis
d) Respiratory acidosis

Answer 103

Renal Tubular Acidosis is a syndrome due to either a defect in proximal tubule Bicarbonate reabsorption or a defect in distal tubule Hydrogen ion secretion. As a result there is Metabolic acidosis.

Question 104

Rhabdomyolysis is the breakdown of

a) Brain fibers
b) Kidney fibers
c) Liver fibers
d) Muscle fibers

Answer 104

d) Muscle fibers

Question 105

________ test is a measure of the amount of nitrogen in the blood in the form of urea, and a measurement of renal function.

Answer 105

BUN test is a measure of the amount of nitrogen in the blood in the form of urea, and a measurement of renal function.

(Blood Urea Nitrogen)

Question 106

Measurement of the urine ——– concentration provides information on the integrity of tubular reabsorptive function

Answer 106

Measurement of the urine creatinine concentration provides information on the integrity of tubular reabsorptive function

Question 107

measurement of __________ is subject to interference by numerous endogenous (e.g. acetoacetate) substances and some drugs.

Answer 107

measurement of creatinine is subject to interference by numerous endogenous (e.g. acetoacetate) substances and some drugs.

Question 108

urine osmolarity reference range is?

Answer 108

300 - 900 mOsm/L

Question 109

Infertility and reduced sperm motility are symptoms of

a) Acute renal failure
b) Chronic renal failure

Answer 109

b) Chronic renal failure

Question 110

FENa is the percentage of the sodium filtered by the kidney and is excreted in the urine. This can determine whether the patient’s low urine volume can be attributed to either prerenal or renal damage

If the FENa is ________ than 1% - the kidneys are filtering ok and the cause must be prerenal (hypovolemia)

if the FENa is _________ than 1% - the kidneys are not filtering ok and the cause must be renal (acute glomerulonephritis, acute blood loss)

Answer 110

FENa is the percentage of the sodium filtered by the kidney and is excreted in the urine. This can determine whether the patient’s low urine volume can be attributed to either prerenal or renal damage

If the FENa is less than 1% - the kidneys are filtering ok and the cause must be prerenal (hypovolemia)

if the FENa is greater than 1% - the kidneys are not filtering ok and the cause must be renal (acute glomerulonephritis, acute blood loss)

Question 111

renal tubular acidosis results in a hyperchloraemic metabolic acidosis with normal to moderately __________ GFR.

Answer 111

This results in a hyperchloraemic metabolic acidosis with normal to moderately decreased GFR.

• hyperchloraemic = high chloride levels in urine = alkaline urine (pH >7)

Question 112

Myoglobin is attached to oxygen to provide extra oxygen to the _________ to maintain high level of activity for a longer period of time. When _________ is damaged, Rhabdomyolysis, myoglobin in the ________ cells is released into the bloodstream. Large amounts of myoglobin can damage the __________ as it breaks down to __________

a) Muscle
b) Kidney
c) Toxic compounds

Answer 112

Myoglobin is attached to oxygen to provide extra oxygen to the muscle to maintain high level of activity for a longer period of time. When muscle is damaged, Rhabdomyolysis, myoglobin in the muscle cells is released into the bloodstream. Large amounts of myoglobin can damage the kidneys as it breaks down to toxic compounds

Question 113

In intrinsic renal damage, FeNa is usually >____

Answer 113

>1%

(<1% in healthy individuals)

Question 114

______________ was replaced by ‘moderately increased albuminuria’.

Answer 114

Microalbuminuria was replaced by ‘moderately increased albuminuria’.

Question 115

the test used to measure GFR more directly compared to a plasma UCE test, by measuring the volume of blood which can be completely cleared of a substance per unit time (mL/min or mL/sec) is called the ___________________________

Answer 115

creatinine clearance test

Question 116

Nephrotic syndrome is more likely accompanied by _______ albumin in urine.

a) > 1 g / day
b) < 1 g / day
c) 2 g / day
d) > 3.5 g / day
e) < 3.5 g / day

Answer 116

d) > 3.5 g / day

Question 117

In case of pre-renal uremia due to hypovolemia, the kidney is functioning correctly, the response to decreased GFR is to increase ___________ rates.

The increased reabsorption of Na leads to increased _______ and _______ reabsorption from the proximal tubules of the kidney back into the blood.

In contrast, creatinine is actually secreted in the proximal tubule. This generally leads to a BUN:Cr ratio >_____.

Answer 117

In case of pre-renal uremia due to hypovolemia, the kidney is functioning correctly, the response to decreased GFR is to increase reabsorption rates.

The increased reabsorption of Na leads to increased water and urea reabsorption from the proximal tubules of the kidney back into the blood.

In contrast, creatinine is actually secreted in the proximal tubule. This generally leads to a BUN:Cr ratio > 15

Question 118

electrolytes are measured by using an ___________________.

This involves using an electrochemical cell to measure the final potential given by the sodium/potassium ions in the sample. This potential is directly proportionate to the concentraion of sodium/potassium

Answer 118

electrolytes are measured by using an Ion-sensitive electrode

This involves using an electrochemical cell to measure the final potential given by the sodium/potassium ions in the sample. This potential is directly proportionate to the concentraion of sodium/potassium

Question 119

in alkaline conditions, creatinine reacts with _______ acid to form a red chromogen. This reaction is known as the Jaffe reaction.

This reaction is not specific to creatinine as ______ acid also reacts with proteins, acetoacetate, glucose and ascorbic acid, producing similar coloured complexes.

To increase specificity, aluminum silicate (_______ reagent) can be added to the plasma to bind the creatine and isolate it from the interferences.

Answer 119

in alkaline conditions, creatinine reacts with picric acid to form a red chromogen. This reaction is known as the Jaffe reaction.

This reaction is not specific to creatinine as picric acid also reacts with proteins, acetoacetate, glucose and ascorbic acid, producing similar coloured complexes.

To increase specificity, aluminum silicate (Lloyds reagent) can be added to the plasma to bind the creatine and isolate it from the interferences.

Question 120

an alternative to using Lloyds reagent (aluminum silicate) to bind creatinine prior to isolation via the Jaffe reaction, is to use ___________ acid solution to precipitate the serum proteins first.

Answer 120

an alternative to using Lloyds reagent (aluminum silicate) to bind creatinine prior to isolation via the Jaffe reaction, is to use tungstic acid solution to precipitate the serum proteins first.

Question 121

increased aldosterone and/or cotisol is a result of what disease?

Answer 121

cushings disease