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MSK Exam 2 > Blue Boxes LE > Flashcards

Blue Boxes LE Flashcards

1
Q

Why are adolescents more vulnerable to acute trauma injuries

A

due to the fact adolescents are still growing and still have cartilaginous models that are being transformed at the endochondral ossification

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2
Q

Epiphyseal plate

A

disc of hyaline cartilage between the metaphysis and the epiphysis of the mature long bone

these are susceptible to fracture due to the combined stress from physical activity and growth via the stretching of the muscles

(osteochondrosis)

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3
Q

Pelvic fracture

A

fractures of the “hip” bone

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4
Q

Hip fracture

A

more commonly applied to fractures of the femoral head, neck and trochanters

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5
Q

Avulsion fractures of the hip bone

A

may occur in sports from sudden acceleration and deceleration forces like sprinting or kicking in a ball

these occur at the apophyses which are bony projections that lack secondary ossification centers

common areas: anterior superior and inferior iliac spines, ischial tuberosities, and ischiopubic rami

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6
Q

Coxa vara

A

significantly decreased angle of inclination between the long axis of the femoral neck and the femoral shaft due to weakening the neck of the femur

the distal limb deviates toward midline

causes mild shortening of the lower limb and limits passive abduction of the hip

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7
Q

Coxa valga

A

increase in the angle of inclination between the long axis of the femoral neck and the shaft due to weakening of the femoral neck

the distal element deviates away from midline

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8
Q

Dislocated Epiphysis of femoral head

A

older children the epiphysis of the femoral head may slip away from the femoral neck due to a weakened epiphyseal plate

due to acute trauma or repetitive microtraumas especially with abduction and lateral rotation of the thigh

often need radiographic examination to find

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9
Q

What are the two main locations of fractures of the proximal femur

A

transcervical: middle of neck
intertrochanteric

these occur due to indirect trauma (stumbling or stepping down hard off a curb)

this is because of the angle of inclination making the fractures inherently unstable and impaction

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10
Q

Intracapsular fracture

A

occurs within the hip joint

complicated by degeneration of the femoral head leading to vasculature trauma

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11
Q

how do Fractures of the greater trochanter and femoral shaft occur

A

results from direct trauma

occur frequently during motor vehicle accidents and sports

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12
Q

Spiral fracture

A

occurs at the femoral shaft resulting in foreshortening as the fragments override or the bone is fractured into multiple pieces

can take up to a year to union

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13
Q

Fractures of the inferior or distal femur

A

may be complicated due to seperation of the condyles and misalignment of the articular surfaces of the knee joint

can cause hemorrhage from cutting the large popliteal artery that runs on the posterior surface of the bone

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14
Q

Compound fracture of the tibia

A

usually occurs in the middle and inferior third of the shaft since it is the narrowest part of the bone

due to direct trauma “bumper fracture” from hitting the bumper of a car

has poor blood supply since anterior part is subcutaneous

if the fracture hits the nutrient canal it predisposes the patient to nonunion of the bone fragments due to the damage of the nutrient artery

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15
Q

Transverse march stress fracture

A

inferior third of the tibia
occurs in people who take long hikes before they are conditioned

may fracture the anterior cortex of the tibia

can also be caused by indirect violence applied to the tibial shaft when the bone turns as the foot is fixed

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16
Q

Diagonal fracture

A

torsion during skiing produce a diagonal fracture of the tibial shaft at the junction ofthe middle and inferior thirds and will fracture the fibula as well

can lead to limb shortening due to the overriding as well

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17
Q

Boot top fracture

A

fracture at where a a skiboot sits due to highspeed forward fall which angles the leg over the rigid ski boot

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18
Q

osgood schlatter disease

A

prominance of tibial tuberosity elongated and fragmented due to disruption of the epiphysial plate causing inflammation of the tuberosity and chronic recurring pain

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19
Q

Fibial Fractures

A

usually occur 2-6 cm to the distal end of the lateral malleolus and are often associated with fracture-dislocations of the whole ankle joint

usually occurs when a person slips and are forced into an excessive inverted position

or can occur with eversion as well

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20
Q

Bone Grafts

A

replacement of affected segments by a bone transplant may avoid amputation

fibula is a common source of bone grafting since normal actions can still be kept even after removal of segments of the fibula

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21
Q

free vascularized fibular transfers

A

help restore skeletal integrity to upper and lower limbs in which congenial bone defects exist and to replace segments of bone after trauma

remaining fibula usually doesnt regenerate

nutrient artery is removed with the bone so that the graft will remain alive in the new site it is transplanted too

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22
Q

Interosseous infusion

A

method of delivering hydration, blood, and medications directly into the medullary cavity of a bone when peripheral venous access is difficult to impossible

used in children with traumatic shock or circulatory collapse

usually done in the proximal tibia, needles are inserted 2cm distal and slightly medial to tibial tuberosity

special needles are used to get through the bone

IO infusion must be replaced with peripheral venous or central line access within 24 hours due to risk of osteomyelitis

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23
Q

Calcaneal fracture

A

usually a hard fall on to the heel, fractureing the calcaneus into several pieces and producing a commiuted fracture

this fracture disables walking because it usually affects the subtalar joint where the talus articulates with the calcaneus

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24
Q

Fracture of the talar neck

A

may occur during dorsiflexion of the ankle (occurs when someone is pressing hard on the brake pedal when trying to stop on a head on collision

some cases the talus dislocates posteriorly

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25
Q

Dancers fracture

A

occurs when the dancer looses balance and puts full weight on the metatarsal fracturing the bone

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26
Q

Fatigue fractures of the metatarsals

A

usually occur from prolong walking, these typically are transverse due to repeated stress on the metatarsals

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27
Q

Avulsion fracture of the tuberosity of the 5th metatarsal

A

foot is suddenly and violently inverted and the tuberosity of the 5th metatarsal may be avulsed by the tendon of the fibularis brevis muscle

most commonly in basketball and tennis players

usually associated with ankle sprain

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28
Q

Os trigonum

A

the secondary ossification center which becomes the lateral tubercle of the talus occasionaly fails to unite with the body of the talus

maybe caused to forceful plantarflexion in early teens

may result in a bone known as a os trigonum

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29
Q

fracture of the sesamoid bone

A

the sesamoid bones of the great toe can be fractured in a car crash and make it difficult to walk since they are important on the stance phase of walking

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30
Q

varicose veins

A

when a vein becomes dilated so that the cusps of their valves do not close and actually face the wrong way

lead to blood flowing wrong way and actually can pool

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31
Q

Thrombophlebitis

A

DVT with inflammation around the involved veins

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32
Q

Venous stasis

A

venous stagnation

can be caused by:
incompetent, loose fasci that fails to resist muscle epansion, diminishing the effectiveness of the musculovenous pump
external pressure on the veins from bedding during a prolonged hospital stay or from a tight cast or bandage
muscular inactivity

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33
Q

Pulmonary thromboembolism

A

a large thrombus that breaks free from a lower limb vein that may travel to a lung which will obstruct the pulmonary artery

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34
Q

Saphenous Vein grafts

A

great saphenous vein is sometimes used for coronary arterial bypass because it is readily accessible, there is a sufficient distance occurs between the tributaries and the perforating veins so that usable lengths can be harvested, and the walls contain a higher percentage of muscular and elastic fibers than other superficial veins

the vein is inverted so that the valves do not obstruct blood flow.

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35
Q

Saphenous cutdown

A

if need to get blood, plasma expanders, electrolytes, or drugs quickly into the vein you can make a small incision anterior to the medial malleolus and find the great saphenous vein

however can cut the saphenous nerve because it runs with the great sapheonous vein

patient will complain of pain or numbness along the medial border of the foot

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36
Q

Nerve block of the femoral nerve

A

L2-L4
can be blocked 2 cm inferior the inguinal ligament, approximately a fingers breadth lateral to the femoral artery

Paresthesia will radiate to the knee and over the medial side of the leg if the saphenous nerve is affected

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37
Q

Enlarged inguinal lymph nodes

A

look for infection or even uteran cancer since some drainage comes from the perineum

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38
Q

Abnormalities of sensory function

A

to interpet abnormalities of the peripheral sensory function, peripheral nerve distribution of the major cutaneous nerves must be interpreted anatomically different from dermatome distribution of the spinal cord segments

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39
Q

Hip Pointer

A

contusion of the iliac crest that usually occurs on the anterior part (ASIS)

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40
Q

Charley horse

A

ischemia or contusion and rupture of blood vessels sufficient to form a hematoma usually consequence of tearing of fibers of the rectus femoris

caused by localized pain or muscle stiffness which follows direct trauma

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41
Q

Psoas abcess

A

pyogenic infection from chrons disease or TB that when getting into the lymph in the psoas region looks like a inguinal hernia and causes pain

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42
Q

Paralyzed quadriceps

A

person cant extend the leg against resistance

walk with a forward lean pressing on the distal end of the thigh with their hand as the heel contacts the ground to prevent inadvertent flexion of the knee joint

injury just to the vastus medialis or vastus lateralis lead to abnormal patella movement and loss of joint stability

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43
Q

Chondromalacia patellae

A

called runners knee

softening of the articular cartilage of the patella

occurs in marathon runners due to overstressing of the knee region

can occur from blow to the patella or extreme flexion of the knee

can be caused due to quadriceps imbalance

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44
Q

Transverse patellar fractures

A

may result from a blow to the knee or sudden contraction of the quadriceps

the proximal fragment is pulled superiorly with the quadriceps tendon and the distal fragment remains with the patellar ligament

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45
Q

Bipartite or tripartite patella

A

ossification abnormality to have multiple segments attached to a patella

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46
Q

diminution or absence of the patellar tendon reflex

A

result may be to lesion that interrupts the innervation of the quadriceps

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47
Q

Transplantation of the Gracilis

A

surgeons transplant the muscle to help replace damaged muscles of the hand i.e. digital flexion and extension

muscle has also been used to recreate a nonfunctional external anal sphincter

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48
Q

riders strain

A

muscle strain of the adductor longus due to fast accleration, also due to horseback riding from constant adduction to stay on their horse

49
Q

vascular surgeon naming of femoral artery

A

common femoral artery and the continuation distally as the superficial femoral artery

50
Q

Femoral pulse

A

place little finger on the ASIS and the tip of thumb on the pubic tubercle then the midpalm is just inferior to the inguinal ligament which is where you can palpate the pulse

51
Q

coronary arteriography

A

insert a probe into the femoral artery at this location to visualize the heart also same thing done for the left cardial angiography

52
Q

blood gas analysis

A

the determination of oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations and pressures, this blood is taken from the femoral artery

53
Q

Laceration of the femoral artery

A

can be easy due to the superficial position,

when ligating the femoral artery the cruciate anastomosis will still get blood still down to the leg due to the meeting of the medial and lateral femoral circumflex artaeries and the inferior gluteal artery and the first perforating artery inferiorly

54
Q

Saphenous Varix

A

a localized dilation of the terminal part of the great saphenous vein that may cause an edema in the femoral triangle

this should be considered if varicose veins are present

55
Q

Trochanteric bursitis

A

inflammation of the trochanteric bursa

caused by constant moving of the gluteus maximus (climbing stairs) over the bursa that can lead to friction bursitis

point tenderness over greater trochanter and the pain radiates along the iliotibial tract

56
Q

Ischial bursitis

A

recurrent microtrauma resulting from repeated stress (biking or rowing, tasks involving repetitive hip extension while seated

affects the ischial bursa and causes inflammation

57
Q

pressure sores

A

calcification of the ischial bursa leading to chronic bursitis can lead to pressure sores in debilitated people because these tuberosities bear the body weight of people sitting

58
Q

Hamstring strains

A

happens in people who involve quick violent muscular exertion

tear part of the proximal tendinous attachments of the hamstrings to the ischial tuberosity (more common than quadricep strains)

usually accompanied by hematoma that is contained in the fascia lata (bruising)

can also lead to avulsion of the ischial tuberosity due to the forcible flexion with the knee extended

59
Q

injury to superior gluteal nerve

A

gluteus medius limp or a gluteal gait

weakened abduction of the thigh due to the lost of medius and minimus

medial rotation is also severly impaired

body compensates by putting the center of gravity over the supporting lower limb

60
Q

Trendelenburg test

A

person asked to stand on one leg and the pelvis on the unsupported side descends (gluteus medius and minimus affected)

other cases of this would be fracture of the greater trochanter and dislocation of the hip joint

61
Q

gluteal gait

A

when the pelvis descends on the unsupported side, the lower limb becomes in effect, too long and does not clear the ground.
to compensate the individual leans away from the unsupported side raising the pelvis to allow adequate room for the foot to clear the ground as it swings forward

62
Q

Steppage gait

A

to lift the foot higher as it is brought forward

used against foot drop and injury to common fibular nerve

63
Q

Swing out gait

A

to swing the foot outward laterally while walking

used to counter footdrop that results from common fibular nerve paralysis

64
Q

foot drop

A

results in common fibular nerve paralysis

65
Q

popliteal abscesses

A

because of the deep popliteal fascia that is strong and limits expansion pain from a abscess or tumor is usually severe

66
Q

Severance of the tibial Nerve

A

Paralysis of the flexor muscles of the leg and the intrinsic muscles in the sole of the foot

cant plantarflex the ankle or flex the toes

sensation is lost at the sole of the foot

can happen due to posterior dislocation of the knee joint

67
Q

Spread of infection in the leg

A

because of the compartments the only spreading occurs in the lateral compartment the infection can ascend proximal into the popliteal fossa along the course of the fibular nerve

fasciotomy must be done to relieve pressure and remove the suppuration infection

68
Q

uniqueness of the foot compared to higher primates

A

humans feet are everted more so that we walk on our heels more

this pronation leads too the medial migaration of the distal attachment of the fibularis longus across the foot and the development of the fibularis tertius

69
Q

injury to the common fibular nerve

A

occurs often since the common fibular nerve wraps around the neck of the fibula

this can also get severed during fracture of the fibular neck or when the knee joint is dislocated

lose all muscles on the anterior and lateral compartments

lose dorsiflexion and evertors of the foot

leads to foot drop

70
Q

Deep fibular nerve entrapment

A

excessive use of muscles supplied by the deep fibular nerve may result in muscle injury and edema in the anterior compartment which may compress and entrap the nerve

pain occurs i the dorsum of the foot and radiates to the web space between the 1st and 2nd toes

common in skiing so called the ski boot syndrome

71
Q

Superficial fibular entrapment

A

caused by chronic ankle sprains may lead to stretching of the superficial fibular nerve

may lead to numbness and parasthesia

72
Q

Calcaneal tendinitis

A

inflammation of the calcaneal tendon due to running injuries

microscopic tears of collagen fibers in the tendon just superior to the attachment on to the calcaneus

can be caused by poor footwear or take up running after prolonged inactivity

73
Q

ruptured calcaneal tendon

A

occurs during plantarflextion with knee extended and hear a snap

happens in people of history of calcaneal tendinitis

gap is palpable and patient presents in dorsiflexion

74
Q

Calcaneal tendon reflex

A

reflex tests S1 and S2 nerve root

75
Q

Absence of plantarflexion

A

to walk people will rotate the foot as far laterally as possible during the stance phase to disable passive dorsiflexion to allow a more effective push off through hip and knee extension exerted at the midfoot

76
Q

tennis leg

A

gastrocnemius strain
usually occurs in the partial tearing of the medial belly at the musclutendinous junction

seen in individuals older than 40 years age and is caused by overstretchig of the muscle by concomitant full extension of the knee and dorsiflextion of the ankle joint

77
Q

Calcaneal bursitis

A

inflammation of the deep bursa of the calcaneal tendon between the calcaneal tendon and the superior part of the posterior surface of the calcaneus

caused by excessive running and leading to excessive friction

78
Q

Venous return from the leg

A

the venous plexus deep to the triceps surae is involved in pushing the blood back through and acting as a musculovenous pump

79
Q

Accessory soleus

A

an extra muscle belly that appears as a distal belly medial to the calcaneal tendon. thismuscle may be associated with pain and edema during prolonged exercise

3 percent of people have this muscle

80
Q

Posterior Tibial pulse

A

can be found at the posterior surface of the medial malleolus and the medial border of the calcaneal tendon

81
Q

Calcaneal spur

A

protrudes from the medial tubercle and the plantar fasciitis is likely to cause pain on the medial side of the foot when walking.

bursa usually develops under this

82
Q

Contusion of extensor digitorum brevis

A

abnormal edema and cuntusion of extensor digitorum brevis and extensor hallucis brevis make it look like the paitent has a severely sprained ankle

83
Q

Sural Nerve grafts

A

pieces of the sural nerve are used asnerve grafts and the sural nerve can easily be found since it runs with the small saphenous vein

84
Q

Anesthetic block of superficial fibular nerve

A

occurs when the superficial nerve pierces the deep fascia to become a cutaneous nerve, to inject the anesthetic agent the patient will plantar flex their foot and the injection will be given

85
Q

Plantar reflex

A

L4,L5,S1, and S2

deep tendon reflex tested during neurological examinations

lateral aspect of the sole of the foot is stroked with a blunt object, flextion of toes is a normal response

fanning of the lateral four toes and dorsiflexion of the great toe is a abnormal response (babinski sign) which means brain injury or cerebral disease this sign will be only be present in children until 4 years old

86
Q

Medial plantar nerve entrapment

A

compression of the medial plantar nerve as it passes deep to the flexor retinaculum or curves deep to the abductor hallucis

this causes numbness and tingling to the medial side of the sole of the foot and region of the navicular tuberosity

may occur during repetitive eversion of the foot

sometimes called joggers foot

87
Q

Dorsalis pedis artery pulse

A

palpated with the feet slightly dorsiflexed and they are subcutaneous that pass along a line from the extensor retinaculum to a point just lateral to the extensor hallucis longus tendons

88
Q

Hemorrhaging wounds of sole of foot

A

puncture would of the sole of the foot involving the deep plantar arch and its branches usually result in severe bleeding

typically from both ends of the cut artery because of the abundant anastomoses

ligation is difficult due to the depth and structures around it

89
Q

Lymphadenopathy

A

enlargement of the lymphnodes

medial side foot infection shows up in the inguinial lymph nodes

lateral side of foot infection shows up in the popliteal lymph nodes

90
Q

Acetabulum

A

overlies the femoral head to add stability and is important for transferring weight to the femur

91
Q

osteoprosis

A

femoral neck fractures common in woman over 60 years due to the degeneration of the bone tissue

the femoral neck fractures are often intracapsular and requires internal skeletal fixation

pain edema, limitation of motion, erosion of articular cartilage

92
Q

Aseptic vascular necrosis

A

when fracturing of the neck of the femur can also lose blood supply from the medial circumflex femoral artery and the breaking of the retinacular arteries

the only artery that may still be intact is the artery to the ligament of the femoral head but isnt sufficient to supply the head

93
Q

Necrosis of femoral head in children

A

dislocations of the hip joint can disrupt the artery to the head of the femur

or fractures that result in seperation of the superior femoral epiphysis can lead to inadequate blood supply

lead to avascular necrosis of the head of the femur

also lead to development issues in growth of the bone if it occurs at the epiphysis in children 3-9

94
Q

Congenital dislocation of the hip joint

A

common occurring bilaterally in girls
the femoral head is not properly placed in the acetabulum

patient cant abduct the thigh and appears shorter than normal

95
Q

Aquired dislocation of the hip joint

A

very uncommon since the hip joint is so strong and stable

usually occurs during an automoblie accident when the hip is flexed adducted and medially rotated

posterior dislocations of the hip joint are the most common (head on collision)

this may affect the sciatic nerve and paralysis of the hamstrings and distal to the knee

Anterior dislocation occurs from a violent injury that causes hip extension, abduction, and lateral rotation

96
Q

Q angle

A

greater in woman due to the wider pelves

97
Q

Genu varum

A

close to zero Q angle and the distal leg points inward
stretches the lateral collateral ligament
stress on the medial meniscus

98
Q

Genu valgum

A

great Q angle and the leg points outward
greater than 17 degrees
stretches the medial collateral ligament
stress on the lateral meniscus

99
Q

Patellar Dislocation

A

always dislocates laterally
more common in women due to greater Q angle
this is due to the pull of the quadracips which makes it pull laterally
also the lope of the lateral patellar facet and the more anterior projection of the lateral femoral condyle make it go laterally

100
Q

Patellofemoral syndrome

A

runners knee which is pain deep to the patella
caused by repetitive microtrauma caused by abnormal tracking of the petella

can occur from osteoartheritis

weakness of the vastus medialis leaves people predisposed to this

101
Q

ACL rupture

A

hyperextension and severe force directed anteriorly against the femur with the knee semiflexed

this allows for the tibia to slide anteriorly under the fixed femur
lachmann test, anterior drawer test

102
Q

PCL rupture

A

occur when a player lands on the tibial tuberosity with the knee flexed

usually occur with fibular and tibial ligament tears

allow for the free tibia to slide posteriorly under the fixed femur

103
Q

Meniscal tears

A

usually medial meniscus tears and will be indicated by pain on the medial rotation of the tibia

lateral menisus will show with pain on lateral rotation of tibia

104
Q

Arthroscopy

A

endoscopic examination that allows for visualization of the interior of the knee joint cavity

goes through an incision called a portal

use equipment or probe to remove the damaged tissues like the menisci or the loose bodies of the joint

ligament repair can also be done by this

105
Q

Aspiration of the knee joint

A

if the knee joint becomes infected maybe after a laceration or fracture, inflammation and the amount of synovial fluid may increase

occurs when the knee joint is approached laterally when it is flexed. use the three bony landmarks (anterolateral tibial tubercle, lateral epicondyle of the femur and the apex of the patella

106
Q

Prepatellar bursitis

A

caused by excessive and repeated friction between the skin and the patella

can also occur via compression forces from a direct blow to the knee

if chronic, the bursa becomes distended with fluid and forms a swelling anterior to the knee

107
Q

subcutaneous infrapatellar bursitis

A

excessive friction between the skin and the tibial tuberosity, edema occurs over the proximal end of the tibia

called clergymans knee
and occurs more commonly in tilers and roofers if they do not wear knee pads

can also get a deep infrapatellar bursitis

108
Q

Total knee replacement arthroplasty

A

artificial knee is inserted if the knee is diseased resulting from osteoarthritis

109
Q

Ankle sprains

A

usually an inversion injury, involving twisting of the weight bearing plantarflexed foot

110
Q

Lateral ligament sprains

A

occurs in jumping sports and particularly basketball

occcurs fairly frequently because the lateral ligaments are much weaker than the medial ligaments

Anterior talofibular ligament is the most vulnerable

the calcaneofibular ligament can also be torn

if severe the lateral malleolus may be sheared or avulsion fractures could occur

111
Q

Pott fracture dislocation

A

foot is forcibly everted, this action pulls on the extremely strong medial ligament which will shear off the medial malleoulus

talus will then move laterally shearing off the lateral malleolus or more cmmonly breaking the fibula superior to the tibiofibular syndesmosis

if the tibia is carried anteriorly, the posterior margin of the distal end of the tibia is also sheared off by the talus, producing a trimalleolar fracture

112
Q

Tarsal tunnel syndrome

A

there is edema and tightness in the ankle involving the synovial sheaths of the tendons of the muscles in the posterior compartment

the area involved is from the medial malleolus to the calcaneus

these both lead to entrapment and compression of the tibial nerve

113
Q

Hallux valgus

A

lateral deviation of the great toe

sometimes the great toe can overlap the 2nd toe

causes a decrease in the medial longitudinal arch

can cause a medial shift of the sesamoid bones

114
Q

Bunion

A

inflammed bursa found at the 1st metatarsal and usually caused by hallux valgus

115
Q

Hard corns

A

inflammed areas of thick skin that form over the proximal interphalangeal joint especially the little toe

116
Q

Hammer toe

A

foot deformity when the proximal phalanx is permanently and markedly dorsiflexed (hyperextended) at the metatarsophalangeal joint and the middle phalanx is strongly plantarflexed at the proximal interphalangeal joint

the distal phalank of the digit is often hyperextended

117
Q

claw toes

A

hyperextension of the metatarsophalangeal joints and flexion of the distal interphalangeal joints

usually involved with the lateral four toes

callosities or corns develop on the dorsal surfaces of the toes due to the pressure of the shoes

and callositiess can develop on the plantar surfaces of the metatarsal heads and the toe tips because they bear extra weight

118
Q

Pes planus

A

flat feet

flat appearance before age 3 is normal

can be flexible or rigid

flexible flat feet result from degenerated intrinsic ligaments (inadequate passive arch support)
usually resolves with age

Rigid flat feet: result from a bone deformity like a fusion of the tarsal bones

acquired flat feet or fallen arches are likely secondary to dysfunction of the tibialis posterior (dynamic arch support)

the plantar calcaneonavicular ligament fails to support the head of the talus making it go inferomdially and become prominent

this then will cause flattening of the medial part of the longitudinal arch and lateral deviation of the forefoot

119
Q

Talipes equinovarus

A

clubfoot

congenital due to the lack of limb rotation during development in the embryo

the foot is inverted, and the ankle is plantarflexed and the forefoot is adducted

looks like a horses hoof

MSK Exam 2 (19 decks)

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