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BMS2052 > Epidemiology of Infectious Disease > Flashcards

Epidemiology of Infectious Disease Flashcards

1
Q

Definition

the occurrence of diseases in excess of what would normally be expected in a community or geographical area

A

Epidemic

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2
Q

Definition

a number that represents when the population is completel susceptible. It indicates whether the invasion of the pathogen can give rise to an exponentially growing epidemic

A

Basic reproductive number (Ro)

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3
Q

How is knowledge of the incubation period used in clinical management?

A

To predict disease severity, shorter incubation period is associated with severe complications

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4
Q

How are severity of infection and dose related?

A

The severity of infection may depend on the dose of the pathogen experienced by the host

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5
Q

What is a propagated epidemic?

A

Driven by person to person

Multiple waves with progressively taller peaks, where each wave roughly corresponds to the infections caused by the wave preceding it

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6
Q

Pathogens evolve (e.g. average viral load) in order to achienve what?

A

Pathogens evolve (e.g. average viral load) towards a level that balances transmissibility with host survival.

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7
Q

What does the persistence of communicable diseases rely on?

A

Repleishment of susceptible

  • Newborns
  • Immigration
  • Waning of immunity
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8
Q

Define

Serial interval

A

the time between symptom onset of successive cases

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9
Q

Define

Herd immunity

A

a form of immunity that occurs when the vaccination of a significant portion of a population (or herd) provides a measure of protection for individuals who have not developed immunity.

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10
Q

Define

Holoendemic

A

affecting all or characterized by the infection of essentially all the inhabitants of a particular area

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11
Q

Define

Epidemic

A

the occurrence of diseases in excess of what would normally be expected in a community or geographical area

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12
Q

What are the possible outcomes of exposure to an infectious agent?

A
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13
Q

Define

Communicable

A

a disease that can be transmitted from person to person

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14
Q

Definition

a disease that can be transmitted from person to person

A

Communicable

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15
Q

Definition

the time between successive infections in a chain of transmissions

A

Generation time

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16
Q

Definition

the proportion of a given exposed population that has been infected by the pathogen

A

Attack rate

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17
Q

What can epidemic curves be used for?

A

Epidemic size

Case distribution

Point-source exposure or propagated epidemic (serial interval)

Identify impacts of events on disease spread

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18
Q

True or False:

Attack rate does not describe how transmissible the pathogen is from person to person

A

True

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19
Q

What is the prevalence formula (usually)?

A

Total no. of cases at a specific time period / Population size

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20
Q

Definition

affecting all or characterized by the infection of essentially all the inhabitants of a particular area

A

Holoendemic

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21
Q

Define

Point-source exposure

A

Persons are exposed to the same source over a brief time, such as through a single meal or at an event

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22
Q

Definition

the time between symptom onset of successive cases

A

Serial interval

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23
Q

What happens if the basic reproductive number is greater than 1?

A

Ro > 1 The pathogen can lead to an exponentially growing epidemic

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24
Q

Shorter generation time or serial interval means what?

A

Shorter generation time or serial interval means that confirmed and probable cases would need to be identified and removed from population sooner in order to prevent them from spreading the disease

25
Q

Define

Epidemiology

A

the branch of medicine which deals with the incidence, distribution, and possible control of diseases and other factors relating to health

26
Q

Definition

Persons are exposed to the same source over a brief time, such as through a single meal or at an event

A

Point-source exposure

27
Q

What happens if the basic reproductive number is less than 1?

A

Ro < 1 The epidemic will die out without exponential growth

28
Q

Define

Incubation period

A

the time between infection and symptom onset

29
Q

Definition

an outbreak of global proportions

A

Pandemic

30
Q
A
31
Q

Define

Epidemic curves

A

a graph that shows the frequency of new cases over time based on the date of onset of disease. The shape of the curve in relation to the incubation period for a particular disease can give clues about the source

32
Q

Define

Reproductive rate

A

The expected number of secondary cases generated by one infected rate

33
Q

Define

Secondary attack rate

A

the attack rate of the exposed susceptible population in a semi-closed setting after the introduction of an infected individual into this setting

34
Q

Define

Attack rate

A

the proportion of a given exposed population that has been infected by the pathogen

35
Q

What type of study are most epidemiological studies?

A

Observational studies

36
Q

What does the reproductive number describe?

A

The reproductive number describes the number of people infected by an infected person without giving information on how long it takes for infections to occur

37
Q

Definition

the time taken for a person to become infectious after they have been infected

A

Latent period

38
Q

What makes up the epidemiological triad?

A

Pathogen

Host

Environment

39
Q

The time scale of person-to-person disease transmission, as measured by __________, is an important determinant for the success of quarantine and isolation

A

The time scale of person-to-person disease transmission, as measured by serial interval, is an important determinant for the success of quarantine and isolation

40
Q

What is the prevalence formula for chronic and protracted disease?

A

Incidence x average disease duration

41
Q

Define

Generation time

A

the time between successive infections in a chain of transmissions

42
Q

Definition

the time between infection and symptom onset

A

Incubation period

43
Q

Definition

a form of immunity that occurs when the vaccination of a significant portion of a population (or herd) provides a measure of protection for individuals who have not developed immunity.

A

Herd immunity

44
Q

Definition

a graph that shows the frequency of new cases over time based on the date of onset of disease. The shape of the curve in relation to the incubation period for a particular disease can give clues about the source

A

Epidemic curves

45
Q

Definition

the branch of medicine which deals with the incidence, distribution, and possible control of diseases and other factors relating to health

A

Epidemiology

46
Q

Definition

the attack rate of the exposed susceptible population in a semi-closed setting after the introduction of an infected individual into this setting

A

Secondary attack rate

47
Q

Define

Prevalence

A

a statistical concept referring to the number of cases of a disease that are present in a particular population at a given time

48
Q

Define

Latent period

A

the time taken for a person to become infectious after they have been infected

49
Q

Definition

a statistical concept referring to the number of cases of a disease that are present in a particular population at a given time

A

Prevalence

50
Q

Define

Endemic

A

the predictable rate of infection in a particular area that is considered “normal”

51
Q

Define

Basic reproductive number (Ro)

A

a number that represents when the population is completel susceptible. It indicates whether the invasion of the pathogen can give rise to an exponentially growing epidemic

52
Q

Definition

The expected number of secondary cases generated by one infected rate

A

Reproductive rate

53
Q

How is knowledge of the incubation period used in public health control?

A

To determine the quarantine duration for suspected cases and contacts of confirmed cases

To interpret public health surveillance data

54
Q

What is the time interval between the peaks of successive waves of a propagated epidemic called?

A

Serial interval

55
Q

Define

Pandemic

A

an outbreak of global proportions

56
Q

Definition

the predictable rate of infection in a particular area that is considered “normal”

A

Endemic

57
Q

Over the course of an epidemic, what happens to the attack rate?

A

The attack rate increases as more people get infected

58
Q

How do you calculate attack rate?

A

Cumulative no. of infections / Size of exposed population

BMS2052 (6 decks)

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