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BMS 242 CVS & Respiration > Respiration III > Flashcards

Respiration III Flashcards

1
Q

What is involved in control of airway diameter

A

airway smooth muscle, parasympathetic control, sympathetic control, NANC signalling

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2
Q

What is NANC signalling

A

non adrenergic, non cholinergic signalling

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3
Q

What is needed to initiate smooth muscle contraction

A

increased cytoplasmic calcium levels

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4
Q

What activates myosin light chain kinase

A

calcium carmodulin complex

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5
Q

What allows smooth muscle contraction to take place

A

phosphorylated myosin light chain

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6
Q

What inhibits myosin light chain kinase

A

cyclic AMP

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7
Q

What inhibits light chain phosphatase

A

Gq pathways

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8
Q

What happens when light chain phosphatase is inhibited

A

muscle contraction

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9
Q

What does the Gq pathway increase

A

calcium

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10
Q

What is the importance of G proteins in smooth muscle contraction

A

activation of contraction

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11
Q

What G pathways are involved in the control of airway smooth muscle

A

Gq, Gs, Gi

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12
Q

What does the binding of agonists to the receptor in airway smooth muscle activate

A

activated form of Gq alpha subunit

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13
Q

What does activated form of Gq stimulate

A

phospholipase C

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14
Q

What does phospholipase C act on

A

PIP2

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15
Q

what does IP3 stimulate

A

release of calcium from stores

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16
Q

What does calcium bind to in the cytoplasmic space

A

carmodulin

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17
Q

What is the function of calcium carmodulin

A

activate myosin light chain kinase

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18
Q

what receptors act through the Gq pathway

A

M3 muscarinic receptors, H1 histamine receptors, BK bradykinin receptors

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19
Q

What is the effect of Gq activation on smooth muscles

A

contraction

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20
Q

What is the effect of Gs activation on smooth muscles

A

muscle relaxation

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21
Q

What is the effect of hyper polarised membrane on calcium movement

A

reduces influx of calcium

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22
Q

What receptors act in the Gs pathway

A

B2 adrenergic receptors and VIP receptors

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23
Q

Which pathway inhibits the Gs pathway

A

Gi pathway

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24
Q

What is the effect of the Gi pathway

A

opposes the relaxation of smooth muscle, inhibits BK potassium channel

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25
Q

Which receptors are active in the Gi pathway

A

M2 muscarinic receptors

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26
Q

Where are M2 receptors located

A

postganglionic terminal

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27
Q

What are M2 receptors involved in

A

negative feedback system for Ach

28
Q

What neurotransmitter stimulates M3

A

Ach

29
Q

Where are M3 located

A

airway smooth muscle

30
Q

Where are M1 and M3 receptors also located

A

epithelial cells

31
Q

What is the effect of stimulating M1 and M3 cells in the submucousa gland

A

mucous production

32
Q

What does smooth muscle contraction in the airways cause

A

decreased air flow and increased resistance

33
Q

What is the importance of the M2 receptors on the nerve fibre

A

binding of Ach to M2 prevents over release of Ach

34
Q

What can disruption of the M2 negative feedback loop lead to

A

hypersensitivity of the airways

35
Q

What do B2 adreno receptors respond to

A

noradrenaline or adrenaline

36
Q

What nervous system uses B2 adrenoreceptors

A

sympathetic

37
Q

What is the final effect when an agonist binds to B2 adrenoreceptors

A

muscle relaxation

38
Q

What pathway does salbutamol stimulate

A

B2 adrenoreceptors

39
Q

What are the two NANC pathways

A

excitatory and inhibitory

40
Q

What does the excitatory NANC pathway cause

A

broncho constriction

41
Q

What are the transmitters involved in the NANC excitatory pathway

A

neuropeptide Y, nitric oxide and VIP

42
Q

what does the inhibitory NANC pathway cause

A

broncho relaxation

43
Q

What transmitters are involved in the NANC inhibitory pathway

A

substance P/neurokinin

44
Q

What are the two classes of asthma

A

Atopic and Non-Atopic

45
Q

Which type of asthma is linked to allergies

A

Atopic

46
Q

What is asthma

A

chronic airway disorder with variable and recurring symptoms

47
Q

What are the symptoms of asthma

A

airflow obstruction, bronchial hyper responsiveness, inflammation

48
Q

what is more likely in hyper responsiveness

A

airways will restrict

49
Q

What is the biology behind atopic asthma

A

elevated serum IgE levels, positive prick test to allergen

50
Q

What activates inflammatory cells in atopic asthma

A

hyper sensitivity of M2 receptor

51
Q

What is the biology behind non atopic asthma

A

non-positive skin prick test and normal IgE levels

52
Q

When is non atopic asthma most common

A

elderly, cold air, exercise induced asthma

53
Q

True or false - Ach can bind to different white blood cells and trigger inflammatory responses

A

true

54
Q

What was the effect of treatment for airway hyper sensitivity

A

decreased neuronal M2 function

55
Q

What clusters around nerve fibres

A

eosinophils

56
Q

What do eosinophils release

A

major basic protein

57
Q

What is the effect of major basic protein on M2 receptors

A

inhibits M2

58
Q

What is the effect of inhibiting M2

A

increases release of Ach

59
Q

What is the effect of increasing Ach levels

A

airway constriction

60
Q

What drugs can treat asthma

A

anti cholinergic drugs

61
Q

What is the advantage of anti cholinergic drugs

A

reverse broncho constriction and prevent mucous secretion

62
Q

What do anti cholinergic drugs inhibit

A

M1, M2, M3 receptors

63
Q

Which receptors do anti cholinergic drugs bind to the longest

A

M3

64
Q

Name a short lasting anti cholinergic

A

ipratropium

65
Q

Name a long lasting anti cholinergic

A

titropium

66
Q

What are anti cholinergics used alongside of

A

B2 adrenoreceptor agonists

BMS 242 CVS & Respiration (10 decks)

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