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MBChB Year 1 Principles Microbiology > Systematic Bacteriology II > Flashcards

Systematic Bacteriology II Flashcards

1
Q

What is pathogenesis?

A

Parasitic life cycle - adhere/colonise and invade
evade host defenses
multiply/complete life cycle
exit host (leaving it damaged)

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2
Q

What is virulence?

A

The capacity of a microbe to cause damage to the host

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3
Q

What is an endogenous micro-organism?

A

Already present within the body

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4
Q

What is an exogenous micro-organism?

A

Not already present within the body

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5
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

A harmful organism that produces a pathology

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6
Q

What is a commensal?

A

An organism that is part of the normal flora - usually mutualistic and endogenous

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7
Q

What is an opportunistic pathogen?

A

An organism that causes infection when a change in natural immunity arises (eg an immunocompromised human)

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8
Q

What is a contaminant?

A

An organism that is growing in a culture by accident

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9
Q

What are prions?

A

Infectious proteins. nvCJD and BSE (in cattle)

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10
Q

What is the most common type of fungal infection?

A

Candida spp. (yeast budding) - causes skin infection to candidaemia. can be brought on by changes in the natural flora

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11
Q

What is the biggest protozoan disease in humans?

A

Malaria caused by the plasmodium (mosquito as vectors)

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12
Q

What are some of the gram -ve prokaryotic pathogens?

A

Neisseria spp and Escherichia spp

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13
Q

What are some of the gram +ve prokaryotic pathogens?

A

Streptococcus spp, staphylococcus spp, enterococcus spp, and clostridium

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14
Q

What are 2 diseases caused by neisseria?

A

Bacterial meningitis (neisseria meningitids) and gonorrhoea (neisseria gonorrhoeae)

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15
Q

What gram -ve bacteria is associated with the GI tract?

A

Gut commensal coliforms (E. coli, klebsiella spp., enterobacter spp., and proteus spp. Significant gut pathogens (salmonella spp etc)

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16
Q

What are coliforms?

A

Species of gram -ve bacilli that look like E. coli on gram film. Grow best aerobically (can also grow anaerobically). Many are commensal

17
Q

How do you differentiate coliforms?

A

Biochemical reactions, and the antigenic structure of the cell wall (O or H antigens)

18
Q

How do coliforms cause infection?

A

When they get into a normally sterile site

19
Q

What is the 1st line antibiotic used for treatment of coliform infections?

A

Gentamicin

20
Q

What does the O antigen have the ability to do?

A

Stimulate the immune system

21
Q

What is the mechanism of fever?

A

Antigen or LPS interact with microphages, which release cytokines into the blood stream. Cytokines travel to the anterior hypothalamus (also stimulate the adverse effects of sepsis) and prostoglandin E is released which increased body’s thermal set point. Body now thinks its cold and shivers (for heat conservation) causing fever = increased survival

22
Q

What is fever (temp)?

A

> 38c

23
Q

What is the mechanism of sepsis?

A

Small blood vessels begin to leak and lose fluid into tissue. Low blood oxygen volume requires increases heart rate. Lower oxygen perfusion means blood supply to essential organs in shut down (blood goes to brain). Blood clotting system is activated causing blood clotting (in tiny blood vessels) which uses up all clotting factors (increases haemorrhage risk)

24
Q

What is alpha-haemolysis?

A

Partial haemolysis (enzymes that denature haemoglobin inside RBC - goes green)

25
Q

What is beta-haemolysis?

A

Complete haemolysis (enzymes that breakdown RBC cause complete colonial clearing). Most pathogenic streptococci

26
Q

What is gamma-haemolysis?

A

No haemolysis

27
Q

What symptoms does Group A Streptococcus have?

A

Skin disease, bacterial throat infections (pyogenes) - scarlet fever

28
Q

What is pneumonia?

A

An acute inflammation of the lungs (usually caused by inhalation of pneumococci of Streptococcus pneumoniae). The alveoli and bronchioles of the lungs are plugged with a fibrous exudate

29
Q

What are some key points on streptococcus pneumoniae?

A

Gram +ve a-haemolytic and part of upper respiratory tract flora

30
Q

What are the main issue with MRSA in hospitals?

A

Restricts treatment options

31
Q

What are some characteristics of Clostridium?

A

Gram +ve anaerobic, part of normal bowel flora (found in faeces and soil), produces spores that can survive outside of the body for a long time

32
Q

How many types of exotoxins does clostridium spp produce?

A

3 - difficile, perfringens and tetani

33
Q

What does clostridium difficile cause?

A

Antibiotic associated diarrhoea (common in the elderly)

34
Q

What are some reasons for possible C. difficile epidemic?

A

Strains producing more toxins, antibiotic resistance and increased sporulation

MBChB Year 1 Principles Microbiology (5 decks)

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