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Functional Anatomy and Embryology > Skeleton and joints > Flashcards

Skeleton and joints Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of head

A

Expanded end of epiphysis separated from shaft by narrow neck

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2
Q

Definition of neck

A

Narrow connection between epiphysis and diaphysis

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3
Q

Definition of condyle

A

Smooth rounded articular process

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4
Q

Definition of trochlea

A

Smooth grooved articular process shaped like a pulley

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5
Q

Definition of facet

A

Small flat articular surface

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6
Q

Definition of process

A

Projection or bump

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7
Q

Definition of ramus

A

Extension of bone at an angle to rest of structure

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8
Q

Definition of trochanter

A

Large rough projection, femur only

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9
Q

Definition of tuberosity

A

Relatively small roughened projection

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10
Q

Definition of tubercle

A

Small rounded projection

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11
Q

Definition of crest

A

Prominent ridge

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12
Q

Definition of line

A

Low ridge

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13
Q

Definition of fossa

A

Shallow depression

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14
Q

Definition of sulcus

A

Narrow groove

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15
Q

Definition of foramen

A

Hole

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16
Q

Definition of fissure

A

Narrow cleft

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17
Q

Meatus/canal

A

Passageway through bone

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18
Q

Definition of sinus/antrium

A

Chamber within bone

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19
Q

Definition of joint

A

Union between 2 bones, do not necessarily imply movement, some are specialized to permit little/no movement

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20
Q

Definition of uniaxial

A

1 axis of rotation

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21
Q

Definition of biaxial

A

2 axes of rotation, perpendicular

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22
Q

Definition of multiaxial

A

3 axes of movement

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23
Q

Definition of nonaxial

A

All directions of movement

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24
Q

Composition of skeletons

A

Cartilage and bone (rigid tissue)

Only bone is mineralised

25
Q

Composition and structure of cartilage

A

Consists of chondroblasts
Chondroblasts secrete ground substances and collagen to form rigid gel
Remain in situ as chondrocytes
No neuromuscular elements, v thin areas

26
Q

How does cartilage gain nutrients

A

Diffusion through ground substance, remain in adults as articular surfaces where rigidity, elasticity needed

27
Q

Functions of the bone

A 
Support
Movement
Protection
Haemopioesis
Storage for calcium and phosphorus
28
Q

How does bone provide support

A

Rigid framework for body surfaces

29
Q

How does bone provide movement

A

Acts as levers for muscles

30
Q

How does bone provide protection

A

Form box to protect delicate structures

31
Q

How does bone provide storage for calcium and phosphorus

A

Calcium in blood must be kept constant, must be stored until required so bone constantly being remodeled
Calcium needed for many functions

32
Q

Classification of bone by region

A

Axial skeleton, skull, ribs, spine

Appendicular skeleton, limbs and pelvis

33
Q

Classification of bone by shape

A 
Long
Flat
Irregular
Short
Sesamoid
34
Q

Parts of long bone

A

Epiphysis
Metaphysis
Diaphysis

Compact bone
Spongy bone
Articular cartilage

35
Q

Endochondral ossification and what forms

A

Long bone

Surrounds hyaline cartilage with periosteum, calcifies and dies

36
Q

Intramembranous ossification and what forms

A

Flat bones

Structure is the same as endochondral

37
Q

Structure of mature bones

A

Compact bone

Trabecular (spongy bone)

38
Q

Structure and properties of compact bone

A 
External bone surface
Blood vessels supply osteon
Perforating canals deliver blood deeper
Resist stresses from some directions
Thickest where forces are greatest
39
Q

Structure and properties of trabecular bone

A

Struts and plates, lighter
Strong enough to resist forces (movement generated force, gravity)
Found along epiphysis, aligned along stress lines and cross bracing
Protects bone marrow

40
Q

Classification of joints

A

Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial

41
Q

Types of fibrous joints

A

Sutures, between skull bones
Syndesmoses, interosseous membrnaes
Gomphoses, collagen between teeth and bones

42
Q

Why use sutures

A

Babies don’t have sutures, skull plates not joined, can pass through birth canal
Collagen forms between plates, rigid, no movement

43
Q

Types of sutures

A

Squamous
Serrated
Denticular

44
Q

Uses of syndesmoses

A

Collagenous interosseous membranes, keep slightly separated bones together
Very litte movement

45
Q

Uses of gomphoses

A

Peg in a socket
Tooth in periodontal ligament
Can act as shock absorber

46
Q

Types of cartilaginous joints

A

Synchondroses

Symphyses

47
Q

Uses and properties of synchondroses

A

Between bones of endochondral origin
Solid hyaline cartilage between opposing surfaces
Acts as epiphyseal plate between primary and secondary ossification centers
Area for growth

48
Q

Uses and properties of symphyses

A

Partially moveable joint
Opposing surfaces covered in hyaline cartilage but separated by fibrous tissue
Found in midline of body

49
Q

Structure of synovial joints

A

Moveable with 4 common features and 2 occasional features
Bone ends covered in articular hyaline cartilage
Presence of joint cavity
Joint capsule
Synovial membrane
Disc
Bursae

50
Q

Properties of articular cartilage

A

Tough and deformable, surface adapts when forces applied
Can recoil when force removed
No blood/nerve supply
Prevents stress generation bone, too rigid

51
Q

Properties of joint cavity

A

Bone ends separated by cavity, fluid filled

52
Q

Properties of joint capsule

A

Surrounds joint, encloses it
Consists of collagen fibre bundles, vary in tautness/thickness
Ligaments=thickening of capsule

53
Q

Properties of synovial membrane

A

Lines capsule, has rich capillary network
Can secrete and absorb fluid, nutrients can diffuse into cartilage
Viscosity can change, with speed of movements

54
Q

Properties of disc

A

Between articular surfaces, divide into 2 cavities
Increase movement range at joint
Can spread load over whole joint surface

55
Q

Properties of bursae

A

Synovial fluid sacs, close to joint

Occur when structures are in tight opposition to each other

56
Q

Classification of synovial joints

A 
Hinge
Pivot
Ball and socket
Saddle shaped
Ellipsoid
Condyloid
Plane
57
Q

Movements of the joints

A

Depends on shape of joint surfaces, joint capsule tension, position of capsular ligaments
Concentric muscle contraction, provide primary movement
Eccentric muscle contraction, provide limited movement

58
Q

Axis of rotation

A

Uniaxial
Biaxial
Multiaxial
Nonaxial

Functional Anatomy and Embryology (28 decks)

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