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ABSN > EBP Exam II > Flashcards

EBP Exam II Flashcards

1
Q

What is a sample size?

A

the number of participants in a study

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2
Q

what is the “power” of a study?

A

it’s ability to show results

80% = 8/10 people in the study will get the expected result

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3
Q

What determines the sample size?

A

power analysis

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4
Q

What are the types of RANDOM sampling?

A

simple

stratified

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5
Q

What are the types of NON-RANDOM sampling?

A

Convenience
Purposeful
Snowball

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6
Q

What is simple sampling?

A

random

every participant is chosen by chance

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7
Q

What is stratified sampling?

A

random

create subgroups and take a random sample from each subgroup

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8
Q

What are the goals of sampling?

A

unbiased and representative

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9
Q

What is convenience sampling?

A

non-random

sample is easy to reach/find

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10
Q

What is purposeful sampling?

A

non-random

based on selected characteristics

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11
Q

What is snowball sampling?

A

non-random

participants in one study suggest future participants

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12
Q

What is random assignment associated with?

A

INTERNAL validity

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13
Q

What IS random assignment?

A

assigning your sample population to the control or intervention group

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14
Q

What does “observation” data encompass?

A

direct observation of behavior or characteristics

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15
Q

What are biophysiological data?

A

IDEAL data

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16
Q

What are the types of biophysiological data?

A

in-vivo: measuring factor inside a person (BP, HR)
in-vitro: taking stuff out. of a person (blood test, urinalysis)
anthropomorphic: person’s characteristics

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17
Q

What are the types of self-report data?

A

questionnaire and interview

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18
Q

Describe a psychometric scale:

A

assigns number to a measurement (very common)

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19
Q

Describe the Linkert Scale:

A

agree to disagree scale

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20
Q

Describe the Visual Analog Scale:

A

picture responses instead of numbers

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21
Q 
Reliability = \_\_\_\_\_\_
Validity = \_\_\_\_\_\_
A 
reliability = consistency 
validity = accuracy/reality
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22
Q

a study can be ____ but not _____

A

reliable but not valid (broken scale)

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23
Q

What is described when you get the same results every time a measure is used?

A

reliability

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24
Q

What is described when the measure is appropriate for the question?

A

validity

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25
Q

What are 3 approaches to measuring reliability?

A

Inter-rater
Test-retest
Internal consistency

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26
Q

What is inter-rater reliability?

A

two people using the same measure to get the same results

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27
Q

What is test-retest reliability?

A

measuring at different times and getting the same result

28
Q

What is internal consistency reliability?

A

questions on a scale to assess the same thing (Chonbach’s alpha)

29
Q

What are the 3 ways to measure validity?

A

content (face) validity
criterion (predictive) validity
construct validity

30
Q

What is content validity?

A

face validity
how comprehensive the items on a scale are in measuring what it’s supposed to measure (how good is this scale in measuring depression?)

31
Q

What is criterion validity?

A

predictive validity
the extent to which the results of a measure are related to similar measures (Do both of these depression scales measure depression similarly?)

32
Q

What is construct validity?

A

how well does a scale measure what it’s supposed to measure?

33
Q

What is the difference b/w conceptual and operational definitions of a variable?

A

conceptual: defines what a variable is
operational: defines how to measure a variable

34
Q

What is a confounding variable?

A

a variable you didn’t account for that has an impact on both the IV and the DV

35
Q

What are biophysical measures?

A

data driven by technology

36
Q

What is allocation concealment used for?

A

to stop/mitigate against selection bias

37
Q

it is difficult to change ____ data into ___ data.

A

ordinal into interval

38
Q

can you move down in level of measurement?

A

yes, but never up

ex. you can move from ordinal to nominal data but never nominal to ordinal

39
Q

Rank the levels of measurement from most to least specific.

A

Ratio
Interval
Ordinal
Nominal

40
Q

What is an example of ratio data?

A

age or height

they start at zero

41
Q

What is an example of interval data?

A

time of day, IQ

42
Q

What is an example of ordinal data?

A

pain (good/neutral/bad)

height (short/average/tall)

43
Q

What is an example of nominal data?

A

state of Florida

gender

44
Q

What is the difference between descriptive and inferential statistics

A 
Descriptive = one variable is described at a time
Inferential = looks at the magnitude of a relationship between two variables
45
Q

Define relationship vs. difference

A

relationship: has a direction (+ or -) and a strength (“r” variable)
difference: looking at the difference b/w two groups in regards to their “means” or “risk”

46
Q

What p value supports that the relationship (difference) is statistically significant?

A

p < 0.05

47
Q

what does p > 0.05 mean?

A

there is a true relationship between variables

48
Q

What are factors of normal distribution?

A

symmetric
unimodal
mean=mode

49
Q

What is correlation?

A

the strength of the relationship

50
Q

effect size determines:

A

clinical significance

51
Q

p value determines:

A

statistical significance

52
Q

Why is effect size important?

A

it measures the magnitude of difference between groups

53
Q

How can we present effect sizes?

A

Cohen’s D
Odds Ratio
R2

54
Q

Which odds ratio is meaningful?

A

O=2

55
Q

What is R2?

A

percent of shared variation.

56
Q

What is odds ratio?

A

difference in proportions

57
Q

What is Cohen’s D?

A

difference in means

58
Q

Effect size is NOT based on _______

A

sample size

59
Q

What does a forest plot present?

A

all effect size variables

60
Q

What is variance?

A

average distance of all scores from the mean score

61
Q

What is standard deviation?

A

the square root of the variance

62
Q

What are standardized scores?

A

scores transformed to be on a common scale

63
Q

What does a horizontal line mean on a forest plot?

A

there is NO difference/relationship

64
Q

Effect size allows for ____________

A

comparisons across different studies

65
Q

Variables are measured in which two ways…

A

Concrete: temperature, weight
Abstract: Creativity, empathy

66
Q

What are the 3 types of variables? And what they do?

A

Descriptive: Confound; Control (adjust or take away effect)
Independent: Cause or Predictor
Dependent: Effect or Outcome

67
Q

Statistics are used to assess what?

A

Relationships

ABSN (18 decks)

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