Post-Colonialism

Question 1

Postcolonial theory

Answer 1

Emphasizes the tension between the metropolis (former conquerors) and the (former) colonies, between what within the colonial framework were the metropolitan, imperial center and its colonial satellites.

Question 2

Focus of post-colonial theory

Answer 2

On the cultural criticism displacements-and its consequences for personal and communal identities – that inevitably followed colonial conquest and rule and it does so from a Eurocentric perspective.

Question 3

Postcolonial perspectives emerge from (Homi Bhabha)

Answer 3

The colonial testimony of Third World countries and the discourses of “minorities” within the geopolitical divisions of east and west, north and south. They formulate their critical revisions around issues of cultural difference, social authority, and political discrimination in order to reveal the antagonistic and ambivalent moments within the “rationalizations” of modernity.

Question 4

Post-Colonialism challenges this idea

Answer 4

that the western thought is the canon

Question 5

He said that the colonizers are also influenced by the colony. Is a syncretism.

Answer 5

Homi Bhaba

Question 6

Otherness and politics of representation

Answer 6

issues about race, ethnicity, language, gender, identity, class, and, above all, power are problematized and deconstructed.

Question 7

The language of rights and obligations that operates in the various Western cultures must be questioned on the basis of anomalous and discriminatory legal and cultural status assigned to migrant, diasporic, and refugee populations.

Answer 7

Homi Bhabha

Question 8

Edward Said examines

Answer 8

how Western scholarly texts construct the Orient through imaginative representations (e.g. novels), through seemingly factual descriptions (e.g. journalistic reports and travel writing), and through claims to knowledge about Oriental history and cultures (histories, anthropological writings, and so on).

Question 9

(post) colonial identity is inherently

Answer 9

Unstable

Question 10

is a basic element of postcolonial discourse. Because of its inconsistency, this discourse is always subject the effects of differánce.

Answer 10

Stereotyping

Question 11

Mimicry

Answer 11

the always slightly alien and distorted way in which the colonized, either out of choice or under duress, will repeat the colonizer’s ways of discourse. Bhabha argues that the cultural interaction of colonizer and colonized lead to a fusion of cultural forms that from one perspective, because it signals its “productivity”, confirms the power of the colonial presence, but that as a form of mimicry simultaneously unsettles the mimetic narcissistic demands of colonial power.

Question 12

Gayatri Spivak is attentive to

Answer 12

difference or heterogeneity. The subaltern is central to her theoretical approach.

Question 13

Strategic use of positive essentialism.

Answer 13

Spivak

Question 14

Colonized people

Answer 14

any population that has been subjected to the political domination of another population.

Question 15

Is both a subject matter and a theoretical framework.

Answer 15

Postcolonial criticism

Question 16

Objective of postcolonial criticism as a subject matter

Answer 16

Analyzes literature produced by cultures that developed in response to colonial domination, from the first point of colonial contact to the present.

Question 17

Objective of postcolonial criticism as a theoretical framework

Answer 17

Seeks to understand the operations—politically, socially, culturally, and psychologically—of colonialist and anticolonialist ideologies.

Question 18

Has decolonization been achieved?

Answer 18

No, becuase even if there are not longer colonies that rule geographical zones, the former colonizer’s ideologies are still present in former colonies.

Question 19

Colonialist ideology

Answer 19

Based on the colonizers’ assumption of their own superiority, which they contrasted with the alleged inferiority of native (indigenous) people, the original inhabitants of the lands they invaded.

Question 20

The center of the world

Answer 20

The colonizers

Question 21

The marginalized

Answer 21

The colonized

Question 22

Othering

Answer 22

Practice of judging all who are different as less than fully human, and it divides the world between “us” (the “civilized”) and “them” (the “others” or “savages”).

Question 23

The demonic order

Answer 23

The “savage” is usually considered evil as well as inferior

Question 24

The exotic order

Answer 24

The savage” is perceived as possessing a “primitive” beauty or nobility born of a closeness to nature

Question 25

How colonialist ideologies considers the savage

Answer 25

As “other” and, therefore, not fully human.

Question 26

Eurocentrism

Answer 26

The use of European culture as the standard to which all other cultures are negatively contrasted

Question 27

An example of eurocentrism

Answer 27

Universalism (all texts are reviewed from the universal rules that Europe, and the US dictate)

Question 28

First World

Answer 28

Britain, Europe, and the United States

Question 29

Second World

Answer 29

The white populations of Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and southern Africa (and, for some theorists, the former Soviet bloc)

Question 30

Third World

Answer 30

The technologically developing nations, such as India and those of Africa, Central and South America, and Southeast Asia

Question 31

Fourth World

Answer 31

The indigenous populations subjugated by white settlers and governed today by the majority culture that surrounds them, such as Native Americans and aboriginal Australians.

Question 32

Orientalism

Answer 32

Its purpose is to produce a positive national self‑definition for Western nations by contrast with Eastern nations on which the West projects all the negative characteristics it doesn’t want to believe exist among its own people.

Question 33

Colonial subjects

Answer 33

Colonized people who did not resist colonial subjugation because they were taught to believe in British superiority and, therefore, in their own inferiority.

Question 34

Double consciousness or Double vision

Answer 34

Feeling torn between the social and psychological demands of two antagonistic cultures

Question 35

Unhomeliness (Hami Bhabha)

Answer 35

Feeling that one has no cultural “home,” or sense of cultural belonging

Question 36

Syncretism

Answer 36

A productive, exciting, positive force in a shrinking world that is itself becoming more and more culturally hybrid.

Question 37

Nativism or Nationalism

Answer 37

The emphasis on indigenous culture, especially when accompanied by the attempt to eliminate Western influences. From a nativist perspective, there is a big difference between a culture changing over time and a people being cut off from their culture.

Question 38

Invader colonies

Answer 38

Colonies established among nonwhite peoples through the force of British arms, such as those established in India, Africa, the West Indies, South America, the Middle East, and Southeast Asia.

Question 39

White settler colonies

Answer 39

Those those established in Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and southern Africa.

Question 40

Neocolonialism

Answer 40

Exploits the cheap labor available in developing countries, often at the expense of those countries’ own struggling businesses, cultural traditions, and ecological well‑being.

Question 41

Cultural Imperialism

Answer 41

A direct result of economic domination, consists of the “takeover” of one culture by another

Question 42

Mimicry (book)

Answer 42

The attempt of the colonized to be accepted by imitating the dress, behavior, speech, and lifestyle of the colonizers

Question 43

Exile

Answer 43

The experience of being an “outsider” in one’s own land or a foreign wanderer in Britain

Question 44

Hybridity

Answer 44

Experiencing one’s cultural identity as a hybrid of two or more cultures, which feeling is sometimes described as a positive alternative to unhomeliness

Question 45

Helen Tiffin

Answer 45

It is impossible to retrieve a precolonial past or construct a new cultural identity completely free of the colonial past, most postcolonial literature has attempted, instead, “to investigate the means by which Europe imposed and maintained colonial domination of so much of the rest of the world.