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Radiology > Radiation Biology and Safety > Flashcards

Radiation Biology and Safety Flashcards

1
Q

All radiation is harmful and produced __ changes in living tissue

A

biological

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2
Q

An x-ray photon interacts with an atoms’ orbital electron causing the electron to vibrate-guitar string
Energy produced can be emitted as:
Light or heat (harmless)
Break molecular bond and disrupt molecule

A

Excitation

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3
Q

electron is ejected from its shell creating an ion pair. Atom is no longer electrically neutral and becomes chemically reactive as it attempts to find an electron to replace the missing one.- Chemical reaction-biological change

A

Ionization

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4
Q

Effects of radiation on atoms causes ___ of molecules

A

breaking- broken molecules no longer work the same

  • loss of cell function
  • Cell death
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5
Q

When a xray photon interacts with human tissue there will be either ____ or _____ which lead to chemical changes which is biological change

A

Excitation or ionization

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6
Q
  1. Ionizing radiation with a molecule of water is called
  2. Ionized water molecules form ___
  3. ___ ___ molecules containing upaired electrons and are extremely chemically reactive
A
  1. radiolysis
  2. Free radicals
  3. Free radicals
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7
Q

Is there a higher likelihood of a xray pohton interacting with H2o or a “chemical of life”

A

H20

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8
Q

Human cells contain __ % water and __ % other kinds of molecules “chemical of life”

A

80 percent

20 percent

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9
Q 
DNA
RNA
ADP
ATP 
examples of
A

chemcials of life

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10
Q

The physical process leading to damage to the “chemicals of life” are divided into 2 categories

A

Direct Effects

Indirect Effects

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11
Q

Which occurs more frequently the direct effect of radiation or indirect effect

A

Indirect effect

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12
Q

Ionizing radiation deposited in water instead of chemicals of life- absorbed
Free radicals formed by radiolysis of water cause damage to chemicals of life in the cell
Result
Death of molecule
Molecule doesn’t function properly
Occurs more frequently

A

Indirect Effect

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13
Q 
Cell damage occurs when ionizing radiation directly hits the chemicals of life within a cell
DNA, RNA, ATP, etc.
Result
Death of molecule
Molecule doesn’t function properly
Occurs infrequently
A

Direct Effect

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14
Q

Time between radiation exposure and observable biologic damage called

A

latent period

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15
Q

When there is a high dose of radiation is there more or less capability to repair damage

A

less

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16
Q

Quantity of radiation received, or amount of radiation energy absorbed

A

total dose

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17
Q

when xray penetrates deeper parts of the body is this a high energy kVp or lower kVp

A

high kVp

18
Q

Which produces more adverse effects:

a. total body radiation
b. small localized areas

A

total body

19
Q

__ damage takes place with a high dose rate because rapid delivery doesnt allow for cells to repair

A

more

20
Q

Are dental x-rays examples of chronic exposures or acute exposures

A

chronic

21
Q

Tissues are NOT inherited from generation to generation

Somatic or Genetic effects of radiation

A

somatic

22
Q

Tissues ARE inherited from generation to generation

A

Genetic

23
Q

Animals exposed to radiation to somatic tissues don’t produce visible changes in tissue until a certain ___ ____.- when change is seen

A

Threshold Dose

24
Q

Mutations follow a __ ____ or ___ dose response

A

non-threshold

linear type

25
Q

curve-indicates that below a certain level (threshold), no response is seen.

A

Threshold curve

26
Q

curve: indicates that the response is proportion to the dose.

A

Linear

27
Q

Threshold is

A

somatic tissues

28
Q

Linear is

A

genetic tissues

29
Q 
Lens of eye
reproductive cells
fetus
bone marrow
thyroid gland
skin
A

Critical organs

30
Q

concept that allows comparison of the biologic effect of different types of ionizing radiation

A

Dose Equivalent

31
Q

Equal doses of different types of radiation produce ___ levels of biologic damage

A

different

32
Q

Are Gray and Sievert larger or smaller units than old system( R, rad and rem

A

Larger

33
Q

Gray an Sievert are

A

New system

34
Q

Roentgen, rad, rem

A

Old system

35
Q

___mSv: average over five years for radiological personnel (employees in nuclear industry or hospital workers)

__ mSv/year: typical background radiation from natural sources in North America

A

20mSv

3

36
Q

ALARA

A

as low as reasonably allowable

37
Q

Radiation protection
minimum __ kvp
most moderan xray machines operate at a ___ kVp or higher

A

60kVp

70kVp

38
Q

Maximum _ cm diamater with Round Cone

A

7cm

39
Q

Reduces patient radiation risk by __ % using rectangular

A

50 %

40
Q

operator should be __ feet away from primary beam and ___ - ___ from direction of beam

A

6 feet away

90-135 degrees

41
Q

MPD for radiation workers a year to whole body

A

50mSv

42
Q

MPD for general public

A

5 mSv to whole body

pregnant operator falls under this category

Radiology (22 decks)

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