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Neuro Week 6 > 83 + 84 CNS Tumors > Flashcards

83 + 84 CNS Tumors Flashcards

(53 cards)

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1
Q

Gliomas

  • What are the three types of glioma classes?
A
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2
Q

Astrocytoma

  • How common are these?
  • What time of life do they occur?
  • Where do they usually occur in the brain?
  • What are the 3 most common presenting signs/symptoms?
A
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3
Q

Astrocytomas

  • What are the 3 groups of astrocytomas, based on histological features?
A
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4
Q

Astrocytoma

  • What kind is shown?
A

A fibrillary astrocytoma, WHO grade II, with mildly pleomorphic astrocytes with minimally increased cellularity is shown

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5
Q

Astrocytoma

  • What kind is shown?
A

An anaplastic astrocytoma, WHO grade III, with increased cellularity, nuclear pleomorphism and a mitotic figure in the center of the field

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6
Q

Astrocytoma

  • What kind is shown?
A

Glioblastoma multiforme, WHO grade IV, with prominent microvascular proliferation

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7
Q

Astrocytoma

  • What kind is shown?
A

Glioblastoma multiforme, WHO grade IV, with significant nuclear pleomorphism and hyperchromaticity and a central focus of tumor cell necrosis

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8
Q

Astrocytoma

  • Diffuse astrocytomas
    • How long do these remain static?
    • What is the mean survival time?
    • What happens to patients as the disease progresses?
      • What is notable about the prognosis when histologic features start to show?
A
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9
Q

Astrocytomas

  • What is notable about the gross morphological features of grade II and grade III astrocytomas?
A
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10
Q

Astrocytomas

  • What is notable about the gross morphological features of multiforme glioblastomas?
A
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11
Q

Astrocytomas

  • Diffuse Astrocytomas, Grade II
    • What are the 3 characteristics for these?
    • What is notable about the transition b/w neoplastic and normal tissue?
A
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12
Q

Astrocytomas

  • Anaplastic Astrocytomas, Grade III
    • What are the 2 notable features about the regions that have anaplastic astrocytomas?
    • What type of figures are present?
A
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13
Q

Astrocytomas

  • Glioblastoma
    • What are the 2 histologic features that separate this from anaplastic astrocytomas?
A
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14
Q

Astrocytomas

  • Brainstem Gliomas
    • When do these occur?
      • How common are these?
    • What are the 3 types?
      • How aggressive are the three types?
A
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15
Q

Oligodendrogliomas

  • How common are these, relative to other gliomas?
  • When do they occur in life?
  • Where do they usually occur in the brain?
  • What are the 2 main types, and what is the prognosis like for each?
A
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16
Q

Oligodendrogliomas

  • Grade II WHO, well differentiated
    • What do these look like, grossly?
    • Microscopically
      • What do the nuclei look like?
      • What does the cytoplasm look like?
      • What is notable about the blood supply?
      • What is notable about calcifications`?
A
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17
Q

Oligodendrogliomas

  • Who is notable about anaplastic oligodendrogliomas (grade III), compared to grade II ones?
A
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18
Q

Gliomas

  • Genetics
    • What is the common mutation associated in grade II astrocytomas and oligodendrogliomas?
    • What mutation gives glioblastomas and other astrocytes immortality?
    • What genes are deleted in many oligodendrogliomas?
    • What mutations are seen in CNS tumors that are also seen in tumors outside the CNS?
A
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19
Q

Astrocytomas

  • Pilocytic Astrocytoma
    • How aggressive are these?
    • Who do they affect?
    • Why would a patient have neurologic symptoms after incomplete resection of this tumor?
A
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20
Q

Astrocytoma

  • Pilocytic Astrocytoma
    • What often accompanies these tumors?
A
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21
Q

Astrocytoma

  • Pilocytic Astrocytoma
    • What shape do these cells have?
      • What substance do they test positive for?
    • What kind of fibers are often present?
A
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22
Q

Astrocytoma

  • Pilpcytic Astrocytoma
    • Genetics
      • How is the MAPK signalling pathway actiated?
23
Q

Ependymomas

  • What time of life do they usually occur?
    • Where in the brain do these usually arise, relative to the age of patients?
    • Which age/area is related to neurofibromatosis type 2?
  • What area has good prognosis?
24
Q

Ependymomas

  • What do these tumors look like when they occur in the 4th ventricle?
25
Ependymomas * What do the nuclei of cells look like? * What are they filled with? * Relate the morphology of these cells to blood vessels
26
Neuronal Tumors * How common are these, compared to gliomas? * What symptom usually accompanies them?
27
Neuronal Tumors * What are the two main neuronal markers? * What are the 3 types of neuronal tumors that we talked about?
28
Neurocytoma * What stains can you use for this? * How serious are these? * Where do they usually occur?
29
What is shown?
30
Embryonal Neoplasms * What do most of these look like? * What is the most common one?
31
Embryonal Neoplasms * Medulloblastoma * Who usually gets these? * Where do they always occur? * How aggressive are these? * What is the prognosis like with and without treatment?
32
Embryonal Neoplasms * Medulloblastoma * Who gets midline cerebellum tumors? * Who gets lateral ones? * What do the tumors look like, grossly?
33
Embryonal Neoplasms * Medulloblastoma * What do these cells look like on a histological scale? * What is notable about the cytoplasm and nuclei?
34
Embryonal Neoplasms * Medulloblastoma * Genetics * What are the genetic mutations/pathways related to these? * Which one involved Beta-catenin? * Which one involves PTCH1? * Which one has the poorest prognosis?
35
Other Parenchymal Tumors * Primary CNS Lymphoma * What cells are affected? * Who is this most common in? * What do these tumors always test positive for? * What is the prognosis like?
36
Other Parenchymal Tumors * Germ Cell Tumors * Where do these usually occur in the brain? * Who do these affect the most? At what age? * What region is associated with males? * What is the most common germ cell tumor? * What does it resemble?
37
Meningiomas * Are these usually benign? * What cells are usually affected? * Who usually gets this?
38
Meningiomas * What usually brings attention to patients? * What determines the prognosis of these?
39
Meningiomas * What should a patient be checked for if they have multiple meningiomas? * What type of mutation can cause this?
40
Meningiomas * Grade I * What do these generally look like? * Do they invade the brain? * Do they invade the skull?
41
Meningiomas * Histology * What are the 4 types of patterns that these tumors can have?
42
Metastatic Tumors * How common are these? * What 5 areas account for 80% of them? * What do they look like? * What do they cause?
43
Tuberous Sclerosis * What type of inheritance does this have? * What develops in the brain? * What are the subtypes of this? * Which one is associated with seizures?
44
Tuberous Sclerosis * What are the 4 major extracerebral lesions? * Where cysts usually found? * What are the 4 skin lesions associated with this?
45
Tuberous Sclerosis * What is this?
Angiofibromas
46
Tuberous Sclerosis * What is this?
shagreen patch
47
Tuberous Sclerosis * What is this?
48
Tuberous Sclerosis * What is this?
ash leaf patches (hypopigmented)
49
Tuberous Sclerosis * What two genes are associated with this? * What do they negatively regulate?
50
Tuberous Sclerosis * What do cortical hamartomas look like? * What do these cells lack, compared to normal cells?
51
von Hippel-Lindau Disease * What kind of inheritance does this have? * What kind of tumor develops? * Where * Where do cysts develop? * How is this treated?
52
von Hippel-Lindau Disease * What gene is affected? * What does this gene help degrade? * Tumors * What do tumor cells have high expression of?
53
von Hippel-Lindau Disease * What is the principal neurologic manifestation of this disease? * Where does this usually occur? * What do lesions look like on a microscopic scale?

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