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ABCP > Nerve 2 > Flashcards

Nerve 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 types of neuronal endings?

A 
Synapse 
Motor end plate
Muscle end plate
Muscle spindle fibres
Sensory endings
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2
Q

What are synapses?

A

Synapses are regions at the end of some axons that transmit the nerve impulse from one neuron to another

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3
Q

What are gap junctions for?

A

To allow ions and electrical charge to flow through

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4
Q

What is a motor end plate?

A

Several neuromuscular bulbs that sit within a trough on the muscle fibre surface

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5
Q

What is a neuromusclar junction?

A

A chemical synapse formed by the contact between a motor neuron and a muscle fibre

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6
Q

What occurs at the neuromuscular junction?

A

Motor neuron is able to transmit a signal to the muscle fibre causing muscle contraction

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7
Q

Examples of some toxins that act on neuromuscular junctions?

A 
Botulinum toxin 
tetanus toxin 
nerve gas 
latrotoxin 
snake venom
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8
Q

What does botox do?

A

blocks acetylcholine release at neuromuscular junction which inhibits contraction

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9
Q

What is a muscle spindle?

A

acts as a proprinoceptors providing the CNS with data about the musculoskeletal system

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10
Q

What is the role of the muscle spindle?

A

To maintain posture and regulate the activity of opposing muscle groups involved in motor actvivities such as walking

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11
Q

What causes the changes in the length of the muscle fibre?

A

Body movements are detected by muscle spindles and the sensory nerves relay this information to the spinal cord

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12
Q

What is the stretch reflex?

A

When the impulse tells the muscle to contract with greater force in order to decrease the speed at which the muscle is being stretched.

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13
Q

What does the oligondendrocyte do?

A

Forms the the myelin sheath for several axons insulating the axons and facilitating nerve impulses

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14
Q

What is the most numerous cell of the CNS?

A

Astrocytes

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15
Q

What are the two types of astrocytes?

A

Fibrous (white matter)

Protoplasmic (grey matter)

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16
Q

What are the functions of the astrocytes?

A

Blood brain barrier
Restraint of spread of electrical disturbance by absorption of K+ ions around synapses, unmyelinated axons and nodes of ranvier

17
Q

What are ependymal cells?

A

Low columnar epithelial- like cells, lacking basement membranes, which line the cavities of the CNS

18
Q

What are microglia?

A

Originate from blood monocytes- small elongated cells with irregular processes. When activated they become small macrophage cells and antigen presenting cells of the CNS mediating immune defence activity

19
Q

What are the glial cells of the CNS?

A

Oligondendrocytes
Astrocytes
Ependymal cells
Microglia

20
Q

What are the glial cells of the PNS?

A

Schwann Cells

Satellite cells

21
Q

What are schwann cells?

A

Enclose all axons of nerves of the PNS producing myelin sheaths around large diameter axons.

22
Q

What are satellite cells?

A

Aggregated sensory or automatic neuronal bodies, where they enclose each perikaryon and regulate its microenvironment

23
Q

What are the meninges?

A

The membranous covering of the brain and spinal cord

24
Q

What are the three layers of the meninges?

A

Dura mater
Arachnoid
Pia mater

25
Q

What are the functions of the meninges?

A

Provide a supportive framework for the cerebral and cranial vasculature
Acting with cerebrospinal fluid to protect the CNS from mechanical damage
Involved in cerebral pathology as a common site of infection and intracranial bleeds

26
Q

What is the dura mater?

A

Dense CT continuous with periosteum of skull

27
Q

What is the arachnoid mater?

A

2 components: a layer in contact with dura mater and a system of trabeculae connecting the layer with the pia mater. The cavity between the trabeculae is the subtracted space filled with CSF

28
Q

What is the pia mater?

A

Loose CT containing many blood vessels and covered vy squamous cells.
Very thin and tightly adhered to the surface of the brain and spinal cord

29
Q

What is the choroid plexus?

A

The choroid plexus is a collection of cells that produce the cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles of the brain.

30
Q

What does the choroid plexus consist of?

A

Modified ependymal cells

31
Q

How many choroid plexuses are there and where are they?

A

Four choroid plexus in the brain and one in each ventricle

32
Q

What is the functions of the cerebrospinal fluid?

A 
Bouyancy
Protection 
Preventation 
Homeostasis 
Clearing waste
33
Q

What is hyrdocephalus?

A

Abnormal accumulation of CSF “ water on the brain”

ABCP (28 decks)

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