Introduction to Metabolism Flashcards

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1
Q

Metabolism

A

a sum of all chemical reactions in a cell or organism

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2
Q

Metabolic pathway

A

a sequence of chemical reactions undergone by a compound in a living organism

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3
Q

Catabolism

A

complex molecules are broken down into simple molecules

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4
Q

Anabolism

A

build complex molecules from simple sugars

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5
Q

oxidation

A

a reaction in which a molecule loses electrons

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6
Q

reduction

A

a reaction in which a molecule gains electrons

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7
Q

Kinetic energy

A

energy in motion
ex. water spilling over a damn can be harnessed to do eo work since its in motion. Heat and light, heart muscles contraction.

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8
Q

Potential energy

A

stored energy by virtue of an objects position within an attractive or repulsive force field
ex. water backed up behind a dam is not doing any work, but could do work if released.

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9
Q

Work

A

is the transfer of energy from one body to another
ex, apple falling, potential energy is converted into kinetic energy when the apple falls. As the speed increases, the apple looses potential energy and gains kinetic energy.

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10
Q

thermodynamics

A

branch of science dealing with the laws and theories related to energy in the universe. Theres 2 laws.

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11
Q

first law of thermodynamics

A

states that the total amount of energy in the universe is constant. Energy cannot be created nor destroyed but only converted from one form to another.

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12
Q

Bond energy

A

the measure of stability of a covalent bond. different molecules have different stabilities.

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13
Q

Potential Energy diagrams

A

shows the changes in potential energy that takes place during chemical reaction

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14
Q

Activation energy

A

the difference between the potential energy level and the transition state and the potential energy of reacting molecules.

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15
Q

Transition state

A

in a chemical reaction a temporary condition in which the bonds within the reactants are breaking and the bonds between products are forming.

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16
Q

enthalpy

A

over all change in energy that takes place in a reaction

17
Q

endothermic reaction

A

delta H is positive

18
Q

exothermic reaction

A

delta H is negative

19
Q

Entropy

A

a physical property and it is a measure of disorder or uncertainty about a system
Entropy increases when disorder increases
ex. solid reactants become liquid or gaseous products
- liquid reactants become gaseous products

20
Q

Gibbs free energy

A

energy that can do useful work, also called Gibbs free energy
delta G neg. is spontaneous, pos. is not spontaneous

21
Q

Second Law of thermodynamics

A

any time you do work, including any time you make energy transformation, some of the starting energy is going to be lost as heat
Major complications:
- no process is 100% efficient

22
Q

Coupling free energy - yielding

A

which is (exergonic) catabolic process with energy-requiring (endergonic) anabolic process, living things build up their bodies around them.

23
Q

Exergonic reactions

A

chemical reaction in which the energy of the products is less then the energy of reactants
ex. cellular respiration

24
Q

Endergonic reactions

A

chemical reaction which the energy of the products is more than the energy of reactants
ex. Photosynthesis

25
Q

Why Metabolic pathways are reversible?

A

Metabolic reactions are enzymes catalyzed and are reversible, when a reversible reaction reaches an equilibrium its delta G = zero and its free energy content is zero.
A cell whose reversible reactions reach equilibrium is a dead cell