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SOC 1200 > Unit 1-3 via textbook > Flashcards

Unit 1-3 via textbook Flashcards

1
Q

Sociology consists of

A

Sociology consists of the systematic application of both theoretical concepts and disciplined research methods (methodological procedures) to the study of human social behaviour

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2
Q

Society

A

A large social grouping that shares the same geographical territory and is subject to the same political authority and dominant cultural expectations

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3
Q

Global independence

A

A relationship in which the lives of all people are closely intertwined and any one nation’s problems are part of a larger global problem

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4
Q

Commonsense knowledge

A

A form of knowing that guides ordinary conduct in everyday life

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5
Q

Sociological imagination

A

C. Wright Mills’s term for the ability to see the relationship between individual experiences and the larger society

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6
Q

Personal troubles

A

Personal problems private problems of individuals and the networks of people with whom they associate regularly. As a result, those problems must be solved by individuals within their immediate social settings.

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7
Q

Public issues

A

Public issues are problems that affect large numbers of people and often require solutions at societal level.

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8
Q

High-income countries

A

Nations with highly industrialized economies; technologically advanced industrial, administrative, and service occupations; and relatively high levels of national and personal income

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9
Q

Middle-income countries

A

Nations with industrializing economies, particularly in urban areas, and moderate levels of national and personal income

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10
Q

Low-income countries

A

Countries that are primarily agrarian, with little industrialization and low levels of national and personal income

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11
Q

Race

A

Race is a term used by many people to specify groups of people distinguished by physical characteristics such as skin colour, but no “pure” racial types exist and most sociologists consider of race to be a social construction used to justify existing social inequalities

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12
Q

Ethnicity

A

A group’s cultural heritage or identity, it is based on factors such as language or country of origin. It is a sub part of society.

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13
Q

Class

A

The relative location of a person or group within the larger society; it is based on wealth, power, prestige, or other valued resources

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14
Q

Sex

A

Sex refers to the biological and anatomical differences between females and males

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15
Q

Gender

A

Gender refers to the meanings, beliefs, and practiced associated with sex differences, referred to as femininity and masculinity

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16
Q

Industrialization

A

The process by which societies are transformed from dependence on agriculture and handmade products to an emphasis on manufacturing and related industries

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17
Q

Urbanization

A

The process by which an increasing proportion of population lives in cities rather than in rural areas

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18
Q

Auguste Comte

A

French philosopher. The founder of sociology. His theory that societies contain social statics (forces for social order and stability) and social dynamics (forces for conflict and change) continues to be used, although not in these exact terms, in contemporary sociology.

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19
Q

Positivism

A

I believe that the world can be best understood through scientific inquiry

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20
Q

Law of the three stages

A

The theological, metaphysical, and scientific or positivistic stages

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21
Q

Harriet Martineau

A

Translated and condensed Comte’s work. She was committed to creating a science of society that would be grounded and empirical observations and widely accessible to people. She argued that sociologist should be impartial in their assessment of society, but that comparing the existing state of society with the principles on which it was founded is entirely appropriate.

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22
Q

Herbert Spencer

A

British social theorist. According to Spencer’s theory of general evolution, society, like a biological organism, has various independent parts (such as the family, the economy, and the government) that work ensure the stability and survival of the entire society. Spencer believed that societies developed through a process of “struggle” (for existence) and “fitness” (for survival), which he referred to as the “survival of the fittest.”

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23
Q

Social Darwinism

A

By Herbert Spencer. The believe that those species of animals (including human beings) best adapted to their environment survive and prosper, where is those poorly die out.

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24
Q

Émile Durkheim

A

French sociologist who studied under Comte. Durkheim stressed that people are the product of the social environment and that behaviour cannot be fully understood in terms of individual biological and psychological traits. He believes that the limits of human potential are socially, not biologically, based.

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25
Q

Social facts

A

Emile Durkheim‘s term for patterned of ways of acting, thinking, and feeling that exist outside any one individual

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26
Q

How do societies manage to hold together?

A

Durkheim concluded that preindustrial societies were held together by strong traditions and by members’ shared moral beliefs and values. As societies industrialized, more specialized economic activity became the basis of the social bond because people became interdependent.

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27
Q

Durkheim observed that rapid social change and a more specialized division of labour produced ___

A

Strains in society

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28
Q

Anomie

A

Émile Durkheim‘s term for the condition in which social control becomes ineffective as a result of the loss of shared values and a sense of purpose in society

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29
Q

Class conflict

A

Karl Marx‘s term for the struggle between the capitalist class and the working class

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30
Q

Bourgeoisie

A

Karl Marx‘s term for the class comprised of those who own and control the means of production. The capitalist class

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31
Q

Means of production

A

Karl Marx‘s term for the tools, land, factories, and money for investment that form the economic basis of society

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32
Q

Proletariat

A

Karl Marx‘s term for those who must sell their labour because they have no other means to earn a livelihood

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33
Q

Karl Marx and conflict and history

A

Marx stressed that history is a continuous clash between conflicting ideas and forces. He believes that conflict – especially class conflict – is necessary to produce social change and the better society.

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34
Q

The most important change for Marx

A

For Marx the most important changes were economic. He concluded that the capitalist economic system was responsible for the overwhelming poverty that he observed in London the beginning of the industrial revolution.

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35
Q

Alienation

A

A feeling of powerlessness and estrangement from other people and from oneself

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36
Q

From Marx’s viewpoint, the capitalist class___

A

Controls and exploits the masses of struggling workers by paying less than the value of their labour which leads to alienation.

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37
Q

Conflict perspectives

A

The sociological approach that views groups in society as engaged in a continuous power struggle for control of scarce resources

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38
Q

Dysfunctions

A

A term referring to the undesirable consequences of any element of society

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39
Q

Feminist perspectives

A

The sociological approach that focusses on the significance of gender and understanding and explaining inequalities that exist between men and women in the household, in the paid labour forces, and in the realms of politics, law, and culture

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40
Q

Functionalist perspectives

A

The sociological approach that view society as a stable, orderly system

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41
Q

Latent functions

A

Unintended functions that are hidden and remain unacknowledged by participants

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42
Q

Macrolevel analysis

A

Sociological theory and research that focus on whole societies, large scale social structures, and social systems

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43
Q

Manifest functions

A

Open, stated, and intended goals or consequences of activities within an organization or institution

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44
Q

Microlevel analysis

A

Sociological theory and research the focus on small groups rather than on large scale social structures

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45
Q

Perspective

A

An overall approach to or viewpoint on some subject

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46
Q

Post modern perspectives

A

The sociological approach that attempts to explain social life in contemporary society’s that are characterized by post industrialization, consumerism, and global communications

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47
Q

Societal consensus

A

A situation whereby the majority of members share a common set of values, beliefs, and behavioural expectations

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48
Q

Symbol

A

Anything that meaningfully represents something else

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49
Q

Symbolic interactionist perspectives

A

The sociological approach that the society as the sum of the interactions of individuals and groups

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50
Q

Theory

A

A set of logically interrelated statements that attempts to describe, explain, and (occasionally) predict social events

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51
Q

Altruism

A

Behaviour intended to help others and done without any expectation a personal benefit

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52
Q

Analysis

A

The process through which data are organized so that comparisons can be made and conclusions drawn

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53
Q

Big data

A

Very large data sets that can be accessed in digital form and that can be linked with other large data sets

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54
Q

Complete observation

A

Research in which the investigator systematically observed as social process, but does not take part in it

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55
Q

Control group

A

Subjects in an experiment who are not exposed to the independent variable, but later are compared to subjects in the experimental group

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56
Q

Correlation

A

Exist when to variables are associated more frequently than could be expected by chance

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57
Q

Deductive approach

A

Research in which the investigator begins with a theory and then collects information and data to test the theory

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58
Q

Dependent variable

A

A variable that is assumed to depend on or be caused by one or more other (independent) variables

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59
Q

Descriptive study

A

Research that attempts to describe social reality or provide facts about some group, practice, or event

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60
Q

Experiment

A

A test conducted under controlled conditions in which an investigator test a hypothesis by manipulating an independent variable and examining its impact on a dependent variable

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61
Q

Experimental group

A

Subjects in an experiment who are exposed to the independent variable

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62
Q

Explanatory study

A

Research that attempts to explain relationships and to provide information on why certain events do or do not occur

63
Q

Field research

A

The study of social life and its natural setting: observing and interviewing people where they live, work, and play

64
Q

Hypothesis

A

Tentative statement of the relationship between two or more concepts or variables

65
Q

Independent variable

A

A variable that is presumed to cause or determine a dependent variable

66
Q

Inductive approach

A

Research in which the investigator collects information or data (facts or evidence) and then generates theories from the analysis of that data

67
Q

Interpretive sociology

A

An approach to sociology that examines the meaning that people give to aspects of their social lives

68
Q

Interview

A

A research method using a data collection encounter in which an interview asks the respondent questions and records the answers

69
Q

Objective

A

Free from distorted subjective (personal or emotional) bias

70
Q

Operational definition

A

An explanation of an abstract concept in terms of observable features that are specific enough to measure the variable

71
Q

Participant observation

A

A research method in which researchers collect systematic observations while being part of the activities of the group they are studying

72
Q

Population

A

In a research study, those persons about whom we want to be able to draw conclusions

73
Q

Questionnaire

A

A research instrument containing a series of items to which subjects respond

74
Q

Reactivity

A

The tendency of experiment participants to change their behaviour in response to the presence of the researcher or to the fact that they know they are being studied

75
Q

Reliability

A

In sociological research, the extent to which a study or research instrument yields consistent results

76
Q

Replication

A

In sociological research, the repetition of the investigation in substantially the same way that it originally was conducted

77
Q

Representative sample

A

A selection where the sample has the essential characteristics of the total population

78
Q

Research methods

A

Specific strategies or techniques for conducting research

79
Q

Sample

A

The people who are selected from the population to be studied

80
Q

Secondary analysis

A

A research method in which researchers use existing material and analyze data that originally was collected by others

81
Q

Simple random sample

A

A selection in which everyone in the target population has an equal chance of being chosen

82
Q

Survey

A

A research method in which a number of respondents are asked identical questions through a systematic questionnaire or interview

83
Q

Triangulation

A

Using several different research methods, data sources, investigators, and/or theoretical perspectives in the same study

84
Q

Unstructured interview

A

A research method involving an extended, open-ended interaction between an interview and an interviewee

85
Q

Validity

A

In sociological research, the extent to which a study or research instrument accurately measures what it is supposed to measure

86
Q

Variable

A

In sociological research, any concept with measurable traits or characteristics that can change or vary from one person, time, situation, or society to another.

87
Q

Achieved status

A

A social position a person assumes voluntarily as a result of personal choice, merit, or direct effort

88
Q

Ascribed status

A

A social position. Conferred only a person at birth or received involuntarily later in life

89
Q

Dramaturgical analysis

A

The study of social interaction that compares everyday life to a theatrical presentation

90
Q

Ethnomethodology

A

The study of the commonsense knowledge that people use to understand the situations in which they find themselves

91
Q

Formal organization

A

A highly structured group formed for the purpose of completing certain tasks or achieving specific goals

92
Q

Gemeinschaft

A

A traditional society in which social relationships are based on personal bonds of friendship and kinship and on intergenerational stability

93
Q

Gesellschaft

A

A large, urban society in which social bonds are based on impersonal and specialized relationships, with little long-term commitment to the group or consensus on values

94
Q

Impression management (or presentation of self)

A

A term for people’s efforts to present themselves to others in ways that are most favourable to their own interests or image

95
Q

Master status

A

A term used to describe the most important status a person occupies

96
Q

Mechanical solidarity

A

Émile Durkheim’s term for the social cohesion that exists in preindustrial societies, in which there is a minimal division of labour and people feel united by shared values and common social bonds

97
Q

Nonverbal communication

A

The transfer of information between persons without the use of speech

98
Q

Organic solidarity

A

Émile Durkheim’s term for the social cohesion that exists in industrial (and perhaps postindustrial) societies, in which people perform specialized tasks and feel united by their mutual dependence

99
Q

Personal space

A

The immediate are surrounding a person that the person claims as private

100
Q

Primary group

A

A small, less specialized group in which members engage in face-to-face, emotion-based interactions over an extended time

101
Q

Role

A

A set of behavioural expectations associated with a given status

102
Q

Role conflict

A

A situation in which incompatible role demands are placed on a person by two or more statuses held at the same time

103
Q

Role exit

A

A situation in which people disengage from social roles that have been central to their self-identity

104
Q

Role expectation

A

A group’s or society’s definition of the way a specific role ought to be played

105
Q

Role performance

A

How a person plays a role

106
Q

Role strain

A

The strain experienced by a person when incompatible demands are built into a single status that the person occupies

107
Q

Secondary group

A

A larger, more specialized group in which the members engage in more impersonal, goal-oriented relationships for a limited time

108
Q

Self-fulfilling prophecy

A

A situation in which a false belief or prediction produces behaviour that makes the originally false belief come true

109
Q

Social construction of reality

A

The process by which our perception of reality is shaped largely by the subjective meaning that we give to an experience

110
Q

Social group

A

A group that consists of two or more people who interact frequently and share a common identity and a feeling of interdependence

111
Q

Social institution

A

A set of organized beliefs and rules that establishes how a society will attempt to meet its basic social needs

112
Q

Social interaction

A

The process by which people act toward or respond to other people

113
Q

Social marginality

A

The state of being part insider and part outsider in the social structure

114
Q

Social network

A

A series of social relationships that link an individual to others

115
Q

Social structure

A

The complex framework of societal institutions (such as the economy, politics, and religion) and the social practises (such as rules and social roles) that make up a society and that organize and establish limits on people‘s behaviour

116
Q

Status

A

A socially defined position in a group or society characterized by certain expectations, rights, and duties

117
Q

Status set

A

A term used to describe all the statuses that a person occupies at a given time

118
Q

Status symbol

A

A material sign that informs others of a person specific status

119
Q

Stigma

A

According to Erving Goffman, any physical or social attribute or sign that so devalues a person’s social identity that it disqualifies that person from full social acceptance

120
Q

Cultural imperialism

A

A process whereby powerful countries use the media to spread values and ideas that dominate and even destroy other cultures, and local cultural values are replaced by the cultural values of the dominant country

121
Q

Global village

A

A world in which distances have been shrunk by modern communications technology so that everyone is socially and economically interdependent

122
Q

Hyperreality

A

A situation in which the distinction between reality and simulation has become blurred

123
Q

Internet

A

The network infrastructure that links together the world’s millions of computers

124
Q

Mass media

A

Any technologically based means of communicating between large numbers of people distributed widely over space or time

125
Q

Media literacy

A

The ability to access, analyze, evaluate, and create media in a variety of forms

126
Q

Status conferral

A

The process of giving prominence to particular individuals by focussing media attention on them

127
Q

World wide web

A

The computer language that allows us to access information on the Internet

128
Q

What did Marx believe for working class?

A

Marx predicted that the working class would become aware of its exploitation, overthrow the capitalists, and establish a free and classless society.

129
Q

What did Marx believe was the central force in social change?

A

Economics

130
Q

What is Max Weber emphasize about sociology?

A

Sociology should be value free – that is, research should be conducted in a scientific manner and should exclude the researcher’s personal values and economic interests.

131
Q

Verstehen

A

Weber stressed that they should employ verstehen (German for “understanding” or “insight”) to gain the ability to see the world as others see it.

132
Q

What did Weber believe was the most significant factor in determining the social relations among people in industrial societies?

A

Rational bureaucracy, rather than class struggle

133
Q

Functionalist perspectives

A

Society is composed of interrelated parts that work together to maintain stability within society. This stability is threatened by dysfunctional acts and institutions

134
Q

Conflict perspectives

A

Society is characterized by social inequality; social life is a struggle for scarce resources. Social arrangements benefit some groups at the expense of others.

135
Q

Feminist perspectives

A

Society is based on the patriarchy - a hierarchical system of power in which males possess greater economic and social privilege than females

136
Q

Symbolic interactionist perspectives

A

Society is the sum of the interactions of people and groups. Behaviour is learned in interaction with other people; how people define a situation becomes the foundation for how they behave.

137
Q

Post modernist perspectives

A

Society is characterized by post industrialization, consumerism, and global communications bring into question existing assumptions about social life and the nature of reality

138
Q

Interaction

A

Defined as immediate, reciprocally oriented communication between two or more people

139
Q

Being in the presence of another brings….

A

Constraints (eg. scratching discrete areas)

Avenues for release (eg. able to release emotions because it’d difficult to be festive alone)

140
Q

Power

A

Weber defined power as the ability of a person within a social relationship to carry out his or her own well despite resistance from others

141
Q

Prestige

A

According to Weber, “status group” is a positive or negative social estimation of honour

142
Q

Conspicuous consumption

A

The continuous public display of one’s wealth and status through purchases such as expensive houses, clothing, motor vehicles, and other consumer goods

143
Q

Symbolic interaction

A

Symbolic interaction occurs when people communicate through the use of symbols

144
Q

Five ways of knowing the world

A 
Personal experience
Tradition
Authority
Religion
Science
145
Q

Sociological research process

A

1) theories generate hypotheses
2) these hypotheses lead to observations
3) observations lead to generalizations
4) generalizations are used to support, refute, or modify the theory

146
Q

What society can contribute to our understand of social life

A

We study sociology to understand how human behaviour is shaped by group life and, in turn, how group life is affected by individuals. Our culture tends to emphasize individualism, and sociology pushes us to consider more complex connections between our personal lives and the larger world.

147
Q

Explain why the sociological imagination is important for studying society

A

According to Mills, the sociological imagination help us us understand how seemingly personal troubles are related to larger social forces. It allows us to see the relationship between individual experiences and the larger society.

148
Q

Comte’s major contribution

A

Coined the term sociology to describe the new science engaging the study of society

149
Q

Harriet Martineau’s major contribution

A

Her enlightened perspective that social progress must involve gender and social equality

150
Q

Durkheim’s major contribution

A

Durkheim argues that societies are built on social facts, that rapid social change produces strains in society, and that the loss of shared values and purpose can lead to a condition of anomie.

151
Q

Marx’s major contribution

A

Marx stressed that within society there is a continuous clash between the owners of the means of production and the workers, who have no choice but to sell their labour to others.

152
Q

Weber’s major contribution

A

Weber says it is necessary to acknowledge the meanings that individuals attach to their own actions.

153
Q

Understand the relationship between theory and relationship

A

Sociologists typically move back and forth from theory to research throughout the course of their inquiry. Theory gives meaning to research; research helps support theory.

SOC 1200 (3 decks)

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