Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

SOC 1200 > Lecture 1-18 Notes > Flashcards

Lecture 1-18 Notes Flashcards

1
Q

Sociology was created by

A

Comte. A French man who introduced the term. He was a philosopher, and not sociologist because he did not do empirical work and did not engage in systematic research

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Who made sociology more scientific?

A

Durkheim because he did engage in empirical work

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Sociology

A

Sociology consists of the systematic application of both theoretical concepts and disciplined research methods (methodological procedures) to the study of human social behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Sociology root meaning

A

Latin: so it’s “being with others”
Greek: locos “the study of”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What happens when you believe you’re all alone then discover someone is there?

A

Social forces are brought into play. You now have to act in a dignified manner constructed by society

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Creature releases

A

Natural creature tendencies which are not dignified. Eg, picking nose, scratching undignified areas.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Sudden discovery of another usually interferes with

A

Memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Embarrassment

A

Occurs when an inappropriate identity is established or appropriate identity is suddenly lost. It happens quickly. It is sociological, so only human.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Protective practices

A

Altruistic acts directed to helping others save face. Hidden moral pact to help others go through social interaction. Eg. cough, knock on door, cough. These are “studied nonobservance”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Defensive practices

A

Self oriented. We take precautions to ensure we are not embarrassed. Eg. checking ourselves in the mirror.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Being in the presence of another brings….

A

Constraints (eg. scratching discrete areas).

Avenues for release (eg. able to release emotions, it is difficult to be festive alone)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Social structure

A

The structure always has parts and pattern relations among the parts. The social aspect is looking at the patterned relations between the parts that are sufficient to be identified as objects in their own right. It can be seen as an interrelated set of institutions (eg. family, education), groups (eg. dyads, triads), and patterned procedures (eg. statuses, roles). It is the framework in which we interact

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

George Simmel

A

Father of micro social interaction. “There is greater difference for social interaction between a group of 2 (dyad) and 3 (triad) then there is between a group of 3 and 20.”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Backstage behaviour when carried out to front stage results in

A

Embarrassment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Sociology is primarily directed to understanding…

A

Sociology is primarily directed to understanding the predictable and patterned (the structural) aspects of what happens between people when they get together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Simmel’s micro demographic factors

A

(2 v 3) vs (3 v 30)
Group of 2 pressures for intimacy
Group of 3 is impersonal (triatic principle used in parliament)
Dyads are more precarious than triads, so are more vulnerable to social devolution.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Proxemics

A

Communication all significance of proximity and distance. The more intimate 2 people are, the closer they are in space.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Angle of orientation in proxemics.

A

180 is most impersonal whereas 0 degrees is most personal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Self oriented talk

A

Asking the other person a question so they feel more comfortable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Attention in dyads and triads

A

Dyads require full attention whereas triads do not

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Equality in dyads and triads

A

Dyads have equality. In triads, 2 are equal and one is left out. These often lead to coalitions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Responsibility in dyads and triads

A

In dyads there’s full responsibility. In triads or more, there’s diffusion of responsibility which increases with more people.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Status ascription

A

Your status is your birthright. It was dominant in society in the 1700’s. Opposite is status achievement, where you worked for your status.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Aristocracy

A

Was the small, privileged upper class. In the industrial revolution, they were challenged by capitalists.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

How did exams come about?

A

Before was only meant for the privileged for leisure. In the industrial revolution, capitalists needed a way to ensure their workers were competent so universities and exams grew.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Micro world structures

A

Biography. Out of face to face interaction, expectations emerge that come to constrain (structure) their members

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Macro world structures

A

The vast behind the scenes structure that envelop, penetrate, and organize much that happens in face to face scenes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

The micro and macroworlds..

A

The micro and macroworlds interpenetrate and result in experiences that make sense

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Self fulfilling prophesy

A

It is the definition of the situation (social interaction). It is the meaning one gives to a situation (name, symbol). It influences one’s behaviour. When false, it’s false definition of a situation sets up a series of events that leads to its fulfillment, results in realization of fault.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Norm

A

Norm is a shared (group) idea stating what one should or ought to do, think, feel under conditions along with positive or negative sanctions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Roles and status

A

A role is composed of a clutch of norms. A role is also in relation to other roles. Roles give status.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Feudalism

A

Feudalism is a system of land ownership and duties. It was used in the Middle Ages. With feudalism, all the land in a kingdom was the king’s. However, the king would give some of the land to the lords or nobles who fought for him. These gifts of land were called manors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Divine Right of Kings

A

The kind was both the political and religious authority. The king was thought to have association with a God.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

First break in consensual order

A

Martin Luther with the Protestant reformation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

When societal consensus is broken

A

The whole order is weakened

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

The Age of Enlightenment

A

The philosophical movement that stressed that reason should,d be the bases of the social order.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Predestination

A

Introduced by Calvin. God knows what will happen. So people looked for signs, and believed that your status was a good sign. So people worked to successful.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Emergence of sociology

A

Rapid social change in an atmosphere where one is free to ask questions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

French Revolution

A

Liberté, egalité, fraternité. They overthrew the divine right of kings and also meant to attack the aristocrats. They want people to be free and equal.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Comte’s three stages in terms of gaining knowledge

A

1) theological
2) metaphysical
3) scientific or positivistic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

First introduced conflict theory

A

Thomas Hobbs, a philosopher in the 1500s. Introduced conflict theory. He said before society, people are self seeking, power hungry beings, after their own self gratification. No collectivity orientation (concern about another (Hobbes said this was unnatural)).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Conflict theorists

A

Hobbes introduced it. Karl Marx refined it, saying it wasn’t a war against all but a war against classes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Marx and conflict theory

A

Took conflict theory to the macro sociological level
Said it’s a war against classes
Conflict emerges when there’s scarcity of resources that make a living
Said the most valuable and scarcest are the instruments of production

44
Q

Primitive communism

A

Time 1: No sense of private property. Everyone shares.

45
Q

Ancient civilization

A

Time 2: slavery brought into class struggled

46
Q

Which time was feudalism?

A

Time 3

47
Q

Capitalism in time

A

Was time 4
Bourgeoisie and proletariat.
Unique because the works don’t have to commit to owner, though do because they need the money.
Capitalists engage in unequal bargain and exploit their workers.

48
Q

Hard power

A

Guns

49
Q

Soft power

A

Manipulation, deception, etc. More effective then hard power

50
Q

Social structure is limited to

A

The macro world

51
Q

Institutions are shaped in a way that support

A

The upper class

52
Q

What did Marx predict from the industrial revolution?

A

Marx thought class polarization would occur. He did not foresee the growing middle class that would stop this (observed by Weber)

53
Q

How did Marx describe society’s superstructure?

A

Stressed solidarity is generated form Shari g a common set of values, norms, beliefs, etc. Aka the value consensus

54
Q

Structural functionalism looks at

A

Structural functionalism looks at aspects that contribute to society that contribute to order and predictable. Looks at the whole (system).

55
Q

System (structural functionalism)

A

It is the major concept because it views society as a one whole system. If one part of the system changes, all other parts must change as well to accommodate the change.

56
Q

Surveillance function

A

Manifest function of the media

57
Q

Dysfunction

A

Consequences of a structure that hinder the whole or a significant co,pimento within

58
Q

Durkheim and simple societies

A

Everyone did the same work eg hunters, fishers, gardeners

59
Q

Homolophy

A

Social bonds are built on the bias of similarity

60
Q

Primary groups

A

A primary group is typically a small social group whose members share close, personal, enduring relationships. These groups are marked by members’ concern for one another, in shared activities and culture. Examples include family, childhood friends, and highly influential social groups.

61
Q

Secondary group

A

Secondary groups have the opposite characteristics of primary groups. They can be small or large and are mostly impersonal and usually short term. These groups are typically found at work and school.

62
Q

Mechanical solidarity

A

Mechanical solidarity is the social integration of members of a society who have common values and beliefs. These common values and beliefs constitute a “collective conscience” that works internally in individual members to cause them to cooperate.

63
Q

Organic solidarity

A

Organic solidarity is social unity based on a division of labor that results in people depending on each other

64
Q

Tight role

A

Role specifications are high along with high surveillance

65
Q

Loose role

A

Roles take on a quality of proposals. Such role leads more room for interpretation. When roles are loose, personality has more room to play itself out.

66
Q

Social action

A

It is social to the degree one takes another into account (role taking) and it makes a difference on what one does next

67
Q

Social action can lead to

A

Social interaction

68
Q

Phenomenology

A

Stocks of knowledge

69
Q

Action vs behaviour

A

Minded component to an action, absence of mind in behaviour

70
Q

If interaction is routine

A

Definitions of the situation are drawn from pre-existing patterns

71
Q

Novel situation

A

Make up your own definition of the situation

72
Q

Altercasting

A

Acting in a way that pressures the other (alter) to take in an identity that is in one’s interest

73
Q

Factors to identity

A

1) social identity. “Who am I relative to the other?”

2) negotiations of one’s interactive role

74
Q

Role categories, expectations, and behaviour

A

Role categories (including social identities, statuses) and their expectations (norms) influence but do not determine behaviour

75
Q

Social construction of reality

A

If we interpret actions so subjectively, can we have a shared social reality? In the give and take of social interaction there is a collectively recognized understanding usually emerges

76
Q

Relativization of beliefs

A

People are exposed to diverse beliefs, perspectives, lifestyles

77
Q

Multiphrenia

A

So many perspectives that it’s difficult to keep ones sense of self intact

78
Q

Boundaries in post modernism

A

Porousness of boundaries

79
Q

Main focus in post modernism

A

Consumption

80
Q

Hypereality

A

Becoming so saturated with images that we are increasingly finding it difficult to differentiate reality from simulation

81
Q

Sociology was androcentric

A

Developed by men and had male perspective

82
Q

Selective attention

A

We focus on that which relates to our action interests of the moment

83
Q

Selective inattention

A

Disattend to those aspects that do not relate to our current goals

84
Q

Membership group

A

A group that one is a member

85
Q

Reference group

A

Provides us with a perspective against which we judge and decide our reactions to things including ourselves

86
Q

Pressure function

A

Groups have norms and pressures us to abide by them

87
Q

Reality function

A

The groups give us a perspective on what is real, good, etc.

88
Q

Indexical expression

A

An indexical expression (such as today, that, here, utterance, and you) is a word or phrase that is associated with different meanings (or referents) on different occasions.

89
Q

Typifications

A

Mental pictures we acquired as we grow up that help us organize our knowledge about types of people, situations, and knowledge

90
Q

Posture of doubt

A

From a scientific point of view, you cannot ever routinize. You cannot settle for something and not expect it to not change be. You must always expect surprises and knowing how to act when they come up

91
Q

Scientific typification

A

Transform practical consciousness (we know how to use behaviour patterns but not aware at a conscious level) into discursive consciousness (one is able to name, reflect on, and discuss the behaviour in question)

92
Q

Social reality

A

Is most distinctive because it is made of meanings - meanings have causal powers in their own rights

93
Q

Epistemology

A

Kinds of methods used to vest capture the reality of the social

94
Q

Social facts

A

Ways of acting, thinking, and feeling

95
Q

Unobtrusive measures

A

Do not require the cooperation of the subjects and as a result do not contaminate the results

96
Q

Spurious correlation

A

Relationship between x and y disappear when z is introduced

97
Q

Multidimensional analysis

A

2 or more variables are allowed to vary while controlling for the effects of others

98
Q

Social desirability

A

Lie to look more pleasing. Happens in the Hawthorne effect especially.

99
Q

Operationalization

A

One attempts to make concepts sufficiently concrete (visible) so as to be able to measure (count) them

100
Q

Empirical generalization

A

Isolated proposition that summarizes observed regularities

101
Q

Logical induction

A

The logical movement from known instances (empirical generalizations) to general principle

102
Q

Logical deduction

A

Logical movement from general principle to a particular instance of that principle

103
Q

Egoistic suicide

A

Egoistic suicide relates to the person being alone or an outsider and subsequently they see themselves alone within the world. This type of person has a low social interaction with others.

104
Q

Fatalistic suicide

A

The person is over regulated so they commit suicide. They have no sense of self from being over regulated.

105
Q

Altruistic suicide

A

The person is so integrated into the group that they’re willing to kill themselves for it. Sacrificial suicide

106
Q

Anomie suicide

A

Anomic suicide relates to a low degree of regulation and this kind of suicide is carried out during periods of considerable stress and frustration

SOC 1200 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions