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I-N > Bones and Joints > Flashcards

Bones and Joints Flashcards

1
Q

The two parts to bone

A

outer cortex and inner medulla

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2
Q

other name for the outer cortex of bone

A

cortical bone

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3
Q

contained within the inner medulla of bone

A

bone marrow - slowly changes to yellow fatty bone

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4
Q

particular bones for making red and white blood cells

A

hip, breast bone, skull, ribs, vertebrae and in cancellous spongy material at proximal ends of long bones

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5
Q

what is the periosteum

A

the fibrous connective tissue surrounding the bone

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6
Q

What is the periosteum important for?

A

bone remodelling and repair; access to lymph vessels; innervation and vascularisation of bone

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7
Q

Where does periosteum not exist?

A

where muscles and tendons attach the bone

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8
Q

How do arteries and veins supply the bone?

A

through nutrient vessels

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9
Q

Where does the epiphysis receive nutrients from?

A

vessels around the joints but not the nutrient vessels

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10
Q

what is endochondral ossification?

A

the process by which small inital hyaline cartilage grows and turns to bone - particularly long bones

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11
Q

what is the primary ossification centre?

A

where capillaries start to enter the shaft and drive the ossification process - embyronic cells condense and start to be replaced by cartilage cells to take the template of the long bone - then the capillaries form

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12
Q

Where is the secondary ossification centre?

A

in the epiphysis

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13
Q

What is the first and last bone to start ossification?

A

the clavicle

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14
Q

Give an example of a flat bone

A

neurocranium or sternum

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15
Q

Give an example of a long bone

A

humerus
femur
phalanges

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16
Q

Give an example of an irregular bone

A

Vertebrae
?Scapula
Bones of the face

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17
Q

Give an example of a sesamoid bone

A

patella

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18
Q

What is a sesamoid bone?

A

a bone that has tendons and helps to prevent friction at a joint

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19
Q

Give an example of a short bone

A

Carpals

Tarsals

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20
Q

What increases the incidence of fracture at the neck of the femur?

A

there is less compact bone at the joint

the bone is thin and angled at the joint

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21
Q

Why are fractures common in the clavicle?

A

there is less muscle and tendon support in the mid-lateral third of the clavicle - broken when fallen onto outstretched hand

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22
Q

What substance is deposited around the fracture to start the formation of new bone?

A

collagen

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23
Q

When do body features develop?

A

during development around other structures i.e. the foramen develops around the arteries and spinal cord in the skull

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24
Q

How can the skeleton be split?

A

into appendicular and axial

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25
Q

What does the axial skeleton include?

A

the skull, the vertebrae, the hyoid bone, chest

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26
Q

What does the appendicular skeleton include?

A

long bones of upper and lower limbs, pelvic and pectoral girdles

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27
Q

how is the skull divided?

A

neurocranium and viscerocranium

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28
Q

What bones comprise the cranial vault?

A

frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, sphenoid

29
Q

What bones comprise the facial skeleton?

A

nasal, mandible, maxilla, zygomatic bones

30
Q

Describe Le Fort I

A

the maxilla and palette are broken

31
Q

Describe Le Fort II

A

the fracture is pyramidal in shape; maxilla, zygoma and nasal bones

32
Q

Describe Le Fort III

A

cranial-facial dislocation where the fracture is through the facial skeleton

33
Q

What are the numbers of the vertebral types?

A 
cervical - 7
thoracic - 12
lumbar - 5 
sacral - 5 fused
coccygeal - 4 fused
34
Q

What is special about the C1 atlas?

A

no body or spinous process - posterior and anterior arches

35
Q

What is special about the C2 axis?

A

has odontoid process which allows the atlas to rotate

36
Q

What is the special about the C7 vertebrae prominens?

A

it is the first palpable spinous process 70% of people

37
Q

What are the three forms of ribs?

A

true - 1-7
false - 8-10
floating ribs - 11&12

38
Q

Why is the first rib less likely to fracture?

A

protected by the clavicle

39
Q

What is bone?

A

bone is a hard connective tissue that lives, dies and can be remodelled following injury

40
Q

What are the functions of bone?

A

support and protection of organs
calcium metabolism
RBC formation in red bone marrow
Attachment for muscles

41
Q

What is cartilage?

A

a less hard connective tissue than bone that is located where mobility is required at articulations

42
Q

What are the different joint classifications?

A

fibrous
cartilaginous
synovial

43
Q

What are fibrous joints?

A

joints with fairly limited mobility and thus quite stable

44
Q

What are the types of fibrous joints?

A

syndesmoses

sutures

45
Q

What are syndesmoses?

A

unite bones with fibrous sheet membrane which is partially moveable

46
Q

What is an example of syndesmoses?

A

interosseus membrane i.e. between radius and ulna or tibia and fibula

47
Q

What are sutures?

A

the most stable joints between the bones of the skull

48
Q

What is an example of a suture joint?

A

coronal and sagittal sutures

49
Q

What are the sutures like in the neonatal skull?

A

they are wide fibrous sutures that are known as fontanelles - start to close at 9-18months

50
Q

What are the features of cartilaginous joints?

A

fairly limited mobility and relatively stable

51
Q

What are the types of cartilaginous joints?

A

primary cartilaginous

secondary cartilaginous

52
Q

what are the features of the primary cartilaginous?

A

synchondroses found at bones joined by hyaline cartilage such as the epiphyseal growth plate in the long bones

53
Q

What are the features of the secondary cartilaginous?

A

symphyses are strong and slightly moveable fibrocartilage found in places such as the intervertebral discs

54
Q

what are the parts of the intervertebral discs?

A

outer fibrous annulus fibrosus

inner soft nucleus pulposus

55
Q

What are synovial joints?

A

the most common and moveable joints which occur at limbs which have high levels of movement i.e. elbow, hip shoulders

56
Q

what covers the articular surface of synovial joints?

A

hyaline cartilage

57
Q

what is a feature of hyaline cartilage?

A

very spongy and smooth and avascular

58
Q

What is the issue with hyaline cartilage being avascular?

A

when broken it does not grow back very well

59
Q

What function does the synovial fluid do?

A

cushions, nourishes and lubricates the joint

60
Q

What improves synovial joint stability?

A

ligaments

61
Q

What are bursae?

A

associations with synovial joints that prevent friction around the joint and separate from the joint cavity

62
Q

What are the 5 subtypes of synovial joint?

A

pivot - neck for shaking head
ball and socket - hip
plane - minimal movement in one plane - acromioclavicular
hinge - elbow
biaxial - reasonable movement in one plane, less in the other

63
Q

What are the subtypes of biaxial joints?

A

condyloid and saddle

64
Q

What is subluxation?

A

where the joint is displaced causes a reduced area of contact between the articular surfaces

65
Q

What is a dislocation

A

a complete loss of contact between articular surfaces

66
Q

Where are common dislocations?

A

TMJ, shoulder, hip, knee, pubic symphysis, ankle, interpharyngeal

67
Q

What is involved in the temperomandibular joint?

A

the mandibular fossa and the articular tubercle of the temporal bone superior and the head of the condylar process of the mandible inferiorly

68
Q

what are periarticular arterial anastomoses?

A

arteries found around the joint to provide an alternative blood supply when the main supply is blocked or damaged. They involve connections between arteries around the joint

I-N (10 decks)

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