Imaging and Endoscopy Flashcards
Name the ways we can image the urinary system
• X-ray • USS • CT • Nuclear Medicine • MRI - Endoscopy
why do we image
• Appropriate use of imaging aids diagnosis, which may avoid surgery, or modify it.
• Technology has allowed us ever smaller access into the human body for inspection & treatment of conditions
- can see foreign objects
- can see if the operation has worked
describe how x rays work
- Electromagnetic waves
- have a wavelength ranging from 0.01 to 10 nanometres
- When traveling through tissue, the more dense the object, the more x rays are absorbed
what is the problem with X ray
Damages DNA
what is X ray mainly used for in urology
- Not hugely useful any more
* Mainly for hard objects such as Stones
why do we use ultrasound in urology
- This is because urine is a liquid therefore an ultrasound would give better imaging
describe how ultrasound works
- Created by piezoelectric crystal
- Sound waves enter the body
- They are reflected at phase boundaries in proportion to the density of the phase
- The same transducer pick up the returning waves
where can ultrasound be used in
kidney and in the bladder
how does CT work
- CT uses x-ray
- The x-ray source rotates in a helix around the patient
- The detectors also rotate
- A computer reconstructs the x-ray information to give a picture of relative densities in 2 or 3D
- Much higher
what is the negative against CT versos x ray
• Much higher radiation dose than normal x-ray
what are the two types of endoscopy
- Natural orifice
- Make a new hole – laparoscopy
describe how laparoscopy work
- Laparascope
- Rod -lens camera
- Light down fibre-optic bundle
- In an inflated abdomen
- Excellent view for nephrectomy
how does endurology work
- Flexible fibre-optic cystoscope
- Rod-lens cystoscope
- Rod-lens nephroscope
- Semi rigid fibre-optic ureteroscope
- Flexible fibre-optic ureterorenoscope
what are the routes of entry
- PCNL
- URS and FURS
- Cystoscopy
