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Basic Anatomy > Blood & Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Blood & Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the major functions of blood?

A

-transportation of nutrients/waste/hormones -regulation of body temperature/water volume/pH -defense against infections and bleeding

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2
Q

Differentiate between blood plasma and formed elements:

A

-plasma is the liquid portion of blood (55% of whole blood) - formed elements are WBCs/RBCs/platelets (45% of whole blood)

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3
Q

What substances are dissolved in plasma?

A

-proteins-hormones-ions-wastes-amino acids-carbs-vitamins

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4
Q

Plasma proteins:

A

Albumins: maintain osmotic balance with interstitial fluid Globulins: diverse group of proteins Beta Globulins: transport function/bind to lipid forming lipoproteins HDL- good cholesterol LDL- bad cholesterol Gamma Globulins: antibodies/body’s defense against infection

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5
Q

How are RBCs and WBCs made?

A

-from the continuous division of stem cells

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6
Q

Process of RBC production (erythropoiesis):

A

-the RBC number is maintained by negative feedback -special cells in the kidney monitor O2 availability and secrete the hormone erythropoietin if O2 levels are low - EPO stimulates stems cells in bone marrow and causes an increase in RBC production

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7
Q

What is the function of RBCs?

A

-transport oxygen to body tissues; transport carbon dioxide away from tissues

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8
Q

What is the function of WBCs?

A

-defend the body against invading organisms

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9
Q

What is hematocrit?

A

-percentage of whole blood that consists of RBCs

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10
Q

Difference between women’s and men’s hematocrit?

A

-women have a lower hematocrit than men due to menstruation

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11
Q

% of WBCs, RBCs and plasma in blood?

A

WBCs and platelets: 1% RBCs: 44% Plasma: 55%

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12
Q

What is blood typing? Why is it important?

A

blood typing: the type of blood you have (ABO) -it is important because you must receive/donate blood to/with someone who is compatible to your blood type

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13
Q

How is oxygen carried in blood?

A
  • RBCs are packed with hemoglobin, a protein which transports oxygen
  • hemoglobin is composed of four polypeptide chains which each contain a heme group of an iron atom that readily bonds with oxygen molecules
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14
Q

How is carbon dioxide carried in the blood?

A
  • in tissues where carbon dioxide levels are high about 25% of the CO2 binds to hemoglobin
  • in the lungs CO2 detaches from hemoglobin and is eliminated through respiration
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15
Q

What effect would CO have on the bloods ability to carry oxygen?

A
  • carbon monoxide would impede on the blood’s ability to carry oxygen
  • CO combines with hemoglobin producing carboxyhemoglobin which diminishes hemoglobin’s oxygen carrying capacity
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16
Q

What blood types can donate to what other types?

A
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17
Q

What is agglutination?

A

-the clumping together of foreign cells induced by cross-linking of antigen-antibody complexes

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18
Q

What are platelets?

A

-cell fragments that are important in blood clotting

19
Q

Process of hemostasis:

A
  1. ) Vascular Spasm: constriction of blood vessels to reduce blood flow
  2. ) Platelet Plug Formation: sealing of the ruptured blood vessel
  3. ) Coagulation: formation of a blood clot/blood changes from liquid to gel/involves at least 12 different clotting proteins in plasma
20
Q

What is the difference between an antigen and an antibody?

A

Antigen: non-self protein, foreign to body

Antibody(gamma globulin): a defensive protein directed against specific antigens

21
Q

What is an Rh antigen and how can this affect a pregnant woman and her baby?

A

Rh antigen: proteins on the surface of RBCs that can cause a response from the immune system

-If a pregnant woman has the Rh- antigen and her child is Rh+ the mother will respond to the childs blood by producing anti-Rh antibodies which could cross the placenta and damage fetal red blood cells (hemolytic disease).

22
Q

Blood Disorders:

A

Mononucleosis: Epstein Barr virus infection of lymphocytes “mono”

Blood Poisoning (septicemia): can develop from infected wounds, burns, major dental procedures/may be life threatening

Anemia: reduction in oxygen carrying capacity of blood

Leukemia: uncontrolled production of white blood cells

Multiple Myeloma: form of cancer/proliferation of plasma cells in the bone marrow

Thrombocytopenia: reduction in platelet number/unusual bruising and bleeding

23
Q

The path of blood through the heart and body:

A

Rt Atrium–>Rt AV valve (tricuspid)–>Rt ventricle–>Pulm. S.L. valve–>Pulm. Trunk–>

Pulm. Veins–>Left Atrium–>Left AV valve (bicuspid/mitral)–>Left ventricle–>

Aortic S.L. valve–>Aorta–>Vena Cava

24
Q

Arteries:

A
  • transport blood away from the heart
  • transport blood under high pressure
  • thick walled
  • 3 layers
  • outer layer of connective tissue-middle layer of smooth muscle-inner layer of squamous epithelial cells
25
Q

Veins:

A
  • return blood to the heart
  • larger lumen (hollow interior) than arteries
  • high distensibility (able to swell)
  • serve as blood volume reservoir
  • 3 layers (same as arteries)
26
Q

What controls the flow of blood through a capillary?

A

-The precapillary sphincters serve as gates that control blood flow into individual capillaries

Vasodilation: relaxation of vascular smooth muscle/increases blood flow to capillaries

Vasoconstriction: contraction of vascular smooth muscle/decreases blood flow to capillaries

27
Q

What materials move back and forth between capillaries and tissues?

A
  • fluid is filtered out of the vessel into the interstitial fluid, accompanied by oxygen, nutrients, and raw materials needed by the cell
  • high concentration to low concentration
28
Q

How is blood pumped through a vein?

A
  1. ) contraction of skeletal muscles
  2. ) one-way valves inside the veins
  3. ) movements associated with breathing
29
Q

Systemic and Pulmonary Circulation:

A

Systemic Circulation (rest of body): O2 is used, CO2 waste is produced

Pulmonary Circulation (lungs): blood picks up O2, gets rid of CO2

30
Q

Anatomy of Heart

A
31
Q

The Pattern of Blood Flow Through the Cardiovascular System:

A
  • blood passes through the heart twice for every one trip around the body
    1. ) once as deoxygenated blood, through the right side of the heart
    2. ) once as oxygenated blood, through the left side of the heart
32
Q

How is blood supplied to the heart muscle(myocardium)?

A
  • blood is supplied to the heart muscle by the coronary arteries which branch from the aorta
  • from the surface the coronary arteries send branches inward to supply the myocardium
33
Q

What happens if blood flow to the myocardium (coronary artery) is blocked?

A

-heart attack: sudden death of an area of the heart tissue due to oxygen starvation

34
Q

Cardiac Systole & Diastole:

A

Cardiac Systole: ventricles or atria of the heart are contracting/AV valve open, semilumar valves are closed/ventricles fill

Cardiac Diastole: heart chamber is relaxed/both atria and ventricles relax/semilunar valves close

35
Q

Path of the electrical conduction system of the heart:

A
  • the stimulus that initiates contraction starts at the sinoatrial node (near rt. atrium & superior vena cava
  • impulse travels from cell to cell across both atria
  • impulse reaches atrioventricular node and travels to atrioventricular bundle (septum between the two ventricles)
  • impulse is carried by the Purkinje fibers to cells in myocardium and ventricles
36
Q

How is heart rate controlled intrinsically/extrinsically?

A

Atrial Systole: both atria contract forcing blood into ventricles/AV valves are open, S.L. valves are closed

Ventricular Systole: both ventricles contract/AV valves close, S.L valves open/blood ejected into pulmonary trunk and aorta/atria relax

Diastole: ventricles relax and fill with blood through open AV valves/S.L. valves are closed and atria are relaxed

37
Q

How does pressure change from the arteries to arterioles to capillaries to venules and then to veins?

A

-Area of high pressure to an area of low pressure

38
Q

Major arteries/veins of the body:

A
39
Q

How do we measure blood pressure? What is normal blood pressure?

A

-blood pressure is measured with a sphygmomanometer (an inflatable cuff) that is places over the brachial artery/cuff is inflated to a pressure above systolic pressure and blood flow through brachial artery stops because the cuff pressure collapses the artery

Normal blood pressure: Systolic below 120 mm Hg /Diastolic below 80 mm Hg

40
Q

What is hyper/hypotension?

A

Hypertension: high blood pressure/strain on cardiovascular system/blood vessels become hardened and scarred/no symptoms

Hypotension: low blood pressure/may cause dizziness or fainting/may result from excessive blood or fluid loss from burns

41
Q

What is a baroreceptor/what does it do?

A

Baroreceptor: pressure receptors in aorta and carotid arteries

  1. )blood pressure rises, vessels are stretched
  2. )baroreceptors are activated/signal sent at increased rate
  3. )signals travel to cardiovascular center in brain
  4. )signals from cardiovascular center sent to hear to lower heart rate and force contraction(decreases cardiac output
  5. ) blood vessels signaled to reduce vascular resistance,increasing blood flow to tissues
  6. )combined effects lower blood pressure
42
Q

Function of the lymphatic system:

A
  • maintains blood volume
  • returns excess interstitial fluid to circulatory system
  • functions in immune defenses
43
Q

What is a heart attack/coronary bypass?

A

Heart Attack: sudden death of an area of myocardium

Coronary Bypass: piece of blood vessel is removed from somewhere else in the body (often a leg vein) and grafted onto the blocked artery to bypass the damaged region

-heart attacks survival rate has risen with coronary artery bypass graft

44
Q

Cardiovascular Disorders:

A

Embolism: blockage of a blood vessel by material floating in blood stream (pulmonary and cerebral)

Stroke: damage to part of brain cause by interruption of blood supply

Atherosclerosis: buildup of fatty deposits on and within the inner walls of arteries

Aneurysm: ballooning or bulging of the wall of an artery caused by dilation or weakening of the wall

Angina: narrowing of coronary arteries and diminished blood flow to coronary muscle

Congestive Hear Failure: weakness of heart causes fluid back-up in intersitial spaces

Basic Anatomy (5 decks)

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