Blood & Cardiovascular System

Question 1

What are the major functions of blood?

Answer 1

-transportation of nutrients/waste/hormones -regulation of body temperature/water volume/pH -defense against infections and bleeding

Question 2

Differentiate between blood plasma and formed elements:

Answer 2

-plasma is the liquid portion of blood (55% of whole blood) - formed elements are WBCs/RBCs/platelets (45% of whole blood)

Question 3

What substances are dissolved in plasma?

Answer 3

-proteins-hormones-ions-wastes-amino acids-carbs-vitamins

Question 4

Plasma proteins:

Answer 4

Albumins: maintain osmotic balance with interstitial fluid Globulins: diverse group of proteins Beta Globulins: transport function/bind to lipid forming lipoproteins HDL- good cholesterol LDL- bad cholesterol Gamma Globulins: antibodies/body’s defense against infection

Question 5

How are RBCs and WBCs made?

Answer 5

-from the continuous division of stem cells

Question 6

Process of RBC production (erythropoiesis):

Answer 6

-the RBC number is maintained by negative feedback -special cells in the kidney monitor O2 availability and secrete the hormone erythropoietin if O2 levels are low - EPO stimulates stems cells in bone marrow and causes an increase in RBC production

Question 7

What is the function of RBCs?

Answer 7

-transport oxygen to body tissues; transport carbon dioxide away from tissues

Question 8

What is the function of WBCs?

Answer 8

-defend the body against invading organisms

Question 9

What is hematocrit?

Answer 9

-percentage of whole blood that consists of RBCs

Question 10

Difference between women’s and men’s hematocrit?

Answer 10

-women have a lower hematocrit than men due to menstruation

Question 11

% of WBCs, RBCs and plasma in blood?

Answer 11

WBCs and platelets: 1% RBCs: 44% Plasma: 55%

Question 12

What is blood typing? Why is it important?

Answer 12

blood typing: the type of blood you have (ABO) -it is important because you must receive/donate blood to/with someone who is compatible to your blood type

Question 13

How is oxygen carried in blood?

Answer 13

• RBCs are packed with hemoglobin, a protein which transports oxygen
• hemoglobin is composed of four polypeptide chains which each contain a heme group of an iron atom that readily bonds with oxygen molecules

Question 14

How is carbon dioxide carried in the blood?

Answer 14

• in tissues where carbon dioxide levels are high about 25% of the CO2 binds to hemoglobin
• in the lungs CO2 detaches from hemoglobin and is eliminated through respiration

Question 15

What effect would CO have on the bloods ability to carry oxygen?

Answer 15

• carbon monoxide would impede on the blood’s ability to carry oxygen
• CO combines with hemoglobin producing carboxyhemoglobin which diminishes hemoglobin’s oxygen carrying capacity

Question 16

What blood types can donate to what other types?

Answer 16

Question 17

What is agglutination?

Answer 17

-the clumping together of foreign cells induced by cross-linking of antigen-antibody complexes

Question 18

What are platelets?

Answer 18

-cell fragments that are important in blood clotting

Question 19

Process of hemostasis:

Answer 19

1. ) Vascular Spasm: constriction of blood vessels to reduce blood flow
2. ) Platelet Plug Formation: sealing of the ruptured blood vessel
3. ) Coagulation: formation of a blood clot/blood changes from liquid to gel/involves at least 12 different clotting proteins in plasma

Question 20

What is the difference between an antigen and an antibody?

Answer 20

Antigen: non-self protein, foreign to body

Antibody(gamma globulin): a defensive protein directed against specific antigens

Question 21

What is an Rh antigen and how can this affect a pregnant woman and her baby?

Answer 21

Rh antigen: proteins on the surface of RBCs that can cause a response from the immune system

-If a pregnant woman has the Rh- antigen and her child is Rh+ the mother will respond to the childs blood by producing anti-Rh antibodies which could cross the placenta and damage fetal red blood cells (hemolytic disease).

Question 22

Blood Disorders:

Answer 22

Mononucleosis: Epstein Barr virus infection of lymphocytes “mono”

Blood Poisoning (septicemia): can develop from infected wounds, burns, major dental procedures/may be life threatening

Anemia: reduction in oxygen carrying capacity of blood

Leukemia: uncontrolled production of white blood cells

Multiple Myeloma: form of cancer/proliferation of plasma cells in the bone marrow

Thrombocytopenia: reduction in platelet number/unusual bruising and bleeding

Question 23

The path of blood through the heart and body:

Answer 23

Rt Atrium–>Rt AV valve (tricuspid)–>Rt ventricle–>Pulm. S.L. valve–>Pulm. Trunk–>

Pulm. Veins–>Left Atrium–>Left AV valve (bicuspid/mitral)–>Left ventricle–>

Aortic S.L. valve–>Aorta–>Vena Cava

Question 24

Arteries:

Answer 24

• transport blood away from the heart
• transport blood under high pressure
• thick walled
• 3 layers
• outer layer of connective tissue-middle layer of smooth muscle-inner layer of squamous epithelial cells

Question 25

Veins:

Answer 25

- return blood to the heart - larger lumen (hollow interior) than arteries - high distensibility (able to swell) - serve as blood volume reservoir - 3 layers (same as arteries)

Question 26

What controls the flow of blood through a capillary?

Answer 26

-The precapillary sphincters serve as gates that control blood flow into individual capillaries Vasodilation: relaxation of vascular smooth muscle/increases blood flow to capillaries Vasoconstriction: contraction of vascular smooth muscle/decreases blood flow to capillaries

Question 27

What materials move back and forth between capillaries and tissues?

Answer 27

- fluid is filtered out of the vessel into the interstitial fluid, accompanied by oxygen, nutrients, and raw materials needed by the cell - high concentration to low concentration

Question 28

How is blood pumped through a vein?

Answer 28

1. ) contraction of skeletal muscles 2. ) one-way valves inside the veins 3. ) movements associated with breathing

Question 29

Systemic and Pulmonary Circulation:

Answer 29

Systemic Circulation (rest of body): O2 is used, CO2 waste is produced Pulmonary Circulation (lungs): blood picks up O2, gets rid of CO2

Question 30

Anatomy of Heart

Answer 30

Question 31

The Pattern of Blood Flow Through the Cardiovascular System:

Answer 31

- blood passes through the heart twice for every one trip around the body 1. ) once as deoxygenated blood, through the right side of the heart 2. ) once as oxygenated blood, through the left side of the heart

Question 32

How is blood supplied to the heart muscle(myocardium)?

Answer 32

- blood is supplied to the heart muscle by the coronary arteries which branch from the aorta - from the surface the coronary arteries send branches inward to supply the myocardium

Question 33

What happens if blood flow to the myocardium (coronary artery) is blocked?

Answer 33

-heart attack: sudden death of an area of the heart tissue due to oxygen starvation

Question 34

Cardiac Systole & Diastole:

Answer 34

Cardiac Systole: ventricles or atria of the heart are contracting/AV valve open, semilumar valves are closed/ventricles fill Cardiac Diastole: heart chamber is relaxed/both atria and ventricles relax/semilunar valves close

Question 35

Path of the electrical conduction system of the heart:

Answer 35

- the stimulus that initiates contraction starts at the sinoatrial node (near rt. atrium & superior vena cava - impulse travels from cell to cell across both atria - impulse reaches atrioventricular node and travels to atrioventricular bundle (septum between the two ventricles) - impulse is carried by the Purkinje fibers to cells in myocardium and ventricles

Question 36

How is heart rate controlled intrinsically/extrinsically?

Answer 36

Atrial Systole: both atria contract forcing blood into ventricles/AV valves are open, S.L. valves are closed Ventricular Systole: both ventricles contract/AV valves close, S.L valves open/blood ejected into pulmonary trunk and aorta/atria relax Diastole: ventricles relax and fill with blood through open AV valves/S.L. valves are closed and atria are relaxed

Question 37

How does pressure change from the arteries to arterioles to capillaries to venules and then to veins?

Answer 37

-Area of high pressure to an area of low pressure

Question 38

Major arteries/veins of the body:

Answer 38

Question 39

How do we measure blood pressure? What is normal blood pressure?

Answer 39

-blood pressure is measured with a sphygmomanometer (an inflatable cuff) that is places over the brachial artery/cuff is inflated to a pressure above systolic pressure and blood flow through brachial artery stops because the cuff pressure collapses the artery Normal blood pressure: Systolic below 120 mm Hg /Diastolic below 80 mm Hg

Question 40

What is hyper/hypotension?

Answer 40

Hypertension: high blood pressure/strain on cardiovascular system/blood vessels become hardened and scarred/no symptoms Hypotension: low blood pressure/may cause dizziness or fainting/may result from excessive blood or fluid loss from burns

Question 41

What is a baroreceptor/what does it do?

Answer 41

Baroreceptor: pressure receptors in aorta and carotid arteries 1. )blood pressure rises, vessels are stretched 2. )baroreceptors are activated/signal sent at increased rate 3. )signals travel to cardiovascular center in brain 4. )signals from cardiovascular center sent to hear to lower heart rate and force contraction(decreases cardiac output 5. ) blood vessels signaled to reduce vascular resistance,increasing blood flow to tissues 6. )combined effects lower blood pressure

Question 42

Function of the lymphatic system:

Answer 42

- maintains blood volume - returns excess interstitial fluid to circulatory system - functions in immune defenses

Question 43

What is a heart attack/coronary bypass?

Answer 43

Heart Attack: sudden death of an area of myocardium Coronary Bypass: piece of blood vessel is removed from somewhere else in the body (often a leg vein) and grafted onto the blocked artery to bypass the damaged region -heart attacks survival rate has risen with coronary artery bypass graft

Question 44

Cardiovascular Disorders:

Answer 44

Embolism: blockage of a blood vessel by material floating in blood stream (pulmonary and cerebral) Stroke: damage to part of brain cause by interruption of blood supply Atherosclerosis: buildup of fatty deposits on and within the inner walls of arteries Aneurysm: ballooning or bulging of the wall of an artery caused by dilation or weakening of the wall Angina: narrowing of coronary arteries and diminished blood flow to coronary muscle Congestive Hear Failure: weakness of heart causes fluid back-up in intersitial spaces