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Basic Anatomy > Microbiology Chapter 1: Introduction to Microbiology > Flashcards

Microbiology Chapter 1: Introduction to Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

AGENTS OF MICROBIOLOGY: EUKARYOTES (YOU) AND PROKARYOTES

A

PROKARYOTES(unicellular,lack nucleus): Bacteria, Archaea,

EUKARYOTES(unicellular or multicellular, distinct nucleus): Protists, Fungi, Helminths, Animal, Plants

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2
Q

WHAT IS THE GERM THEORY OF DISEASE?

A

-states that microbes cause infectious diseases

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3
Q

WHO PROPOSED THE GERM THEORY OF DISEASE?

WHO PROVED IT?

A
  • Louis Pasteur proposed the germ theory of disease( hypothesized that air contains contaminating microbes)
  • Robert Koch proved the germ theory of disease (Koch’s postulates)
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4
Q

KOCHS POSTULATES

A
  1. same organism must be present in every case of disease
  2. organism must be isolated from diseased host and grown as a pure culture
  3. isolated organism should cause same disease when inoculated into susceptible host
  4. organism must be re-isolated from the inoculated, diseased animal
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5
Q

PASTEUR’S EXPERIMENT DISPROVING SPONTANEOUS GENERATION

A
  • used an S-necked flask partially filled with broth and boiled the broth(it remained unspoiled because microbes in air were trapped in the bent portion of the flask, unable to reach the liquid)
  • when the flask was shaken broth encountered microbes trapped in the curved neck and spoiled
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6
Q

LEEWENHOEK

A
  • refined earlier versions of the microscope (300x)
  • first to see bacteria
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7
Q

REDI

A
  • performed experiments to test the hypothesis of spontaneous generation ( meat in jars)
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8
Q

PASTEUR

A
  • proposed germ theory of disease
  • showed that biogenisis(life emerging from existing life) is responsible for propagation of life
  • pasteurization of wine
  • hypothesized that air contains contaminating microbes
  • developed first vaccine against anthrax babies
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9
Q

KOCH

A
  • proved the germ theory of disease
  • developed staining techniques and media
  • Koch’s Postulates
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10
Q

SEMMELWEIS(a.k.a SCRUB THEM HANDS BITCH)

A
  • developed first aseptic techniques in the hospital setting
  • recommended hand washing to decrease mortality rate from childbed fever
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11
Q

LISTER(lister=listerine=sterilizing)

A
  • investigated processes of aseptic surgery
  • proved sterilizing instruments and sanatizing wounds prevented pus formations
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12
Q

NIGHTINGALE=NURSING

A
  • established aseptic techniques in nursing
  • founder of modern nursing
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13
Q

HOOKE (a hooker for them scopes)

A
  • built early microscopes
  • first to publish description of cells
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14
Q

SNOW

A
  • determined the cause of cholera transmission in London (contaminated water)
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15
Q

THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD

A
  1. observation
  2. hypothesis (tentative explanation of phenomena)
  3. experiment (tests a hypothesis)
  4. result (data collected from experiment)
  5. conclusion (supports or refutes hypothesis)
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16
Q

SCIENTIFIC LAW

SCIENTIFIC THEORY

A

SCIENTIFIC LAW: precise statement or mathematical formula that predicts a specific occurence

SCIENTIFIC THEORY: an explanation of natural phenomena based upon a preponderance of overwhelming scientific evidence

17
Q

BRIGHT FIELD MICROSCOPY

A
  • sample must be stained or have natural coloration
  • illuminates species with cone of light
  • bright background
  • image formed based on how light is absorbed
18
Q

DARK FIELD MICROSCOPY

A
  • negative image
  • sample appears light on a dark background
  • image formed base on how light is scattered
  • visualizes stained and unstained specimens (alive or dead)
19
Q

PHASE CONTRAST MICROSCOPY

A
  • negative image
  • sample appears light on a dark background
  • phase shifts that light experiences as it passes through a sample are converted into visible changes in brightness to provide richer shading and contrast
  • visualizes unstained or stained specimens (dead or alive)
20
Q

DIFFERENTIAL INTERFERENCE CONTRAST

A
  • false 3D appearance
  • illuminates species with polarized light
21
Q

LIGHT MICROSCOPES

A
  • use light waves
  • color images possible
  • provide a maximum of 1,000x
  • resolution of 200 nm
  • specimens can be living or dead
  • stains often used/ can sometimes go without staining
22
Q

ELECTRON MICROSCOPES

A
  • use an electron beam
  • only black and white images
  • can magnify over 500,000x
  • specimens are all dead
  • specimens often must be stained with osmium or gold
23
Q

SIMPLE STAINING

A
  • use one dye
  • size, shape, and cellular arrangement can be determined
  • smear covered with methylene blue so dye can penetrate cells, then it is rinsed
  • viewed with light microscope
  • uses basic dyes mildly basic on the pH scale (positively charged)
24
Q

STRUCTURAL STAINING

A
  • flagella(motility) staining
  • capsule( sticky carbohydrate based structures) staining
  • bacterial endospore(dormant structures made in response to stressful or harsh conditions) staining
25
Q

ACIDIC STAINING

A
  • negatively charged
  • stain background of a specimen
  • do not easily enter cells
26
Q

GRAM STAINING

A
  • one of the most important stains in microbiology
  • knowing gram property of a specimen has clinical implications including pathogenic features, what antibiotics might be most effective in combating it
  • shows chemical and structural differences between cell walls
  • gram positive bacteria remain purple/ gram negative bacteria are colorless
  • gram positive bacterial cell walls contain peptidoglycan (protein carbohydrate substance) and do not have an outer membrane (negative do)
27
Q

ACID-FAST STAINING

A
  • distinguishes between cells with and without waxy cell walls
  • acid fast bacteria have waxy cell walls that are rich in a substance called myolic acid that retain the red colored primary dye even after exposed to an acid wash/ non acid-fast cells color is stripped away
  • detects myobacterium species

-

28
Q

TAXONOMIC HIERARCHY

A

Delightful- domain

King - kingdom

Philip- phylum

Came- class

Over- order

For- family

Great- genus

Spaghetti-species

29
Q

BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE

A
  • two name system
  • Genus is the first name (capitalized)
  • Species is the second name (lowercase)
  • scientific names are italicized
30
Q

3 DOMAINS OF LIFE

A

BACTERIA- unicellular, prokaryotic organisms

ARCHAEA- some live in extreme environments

EUKARYA- unicellular & multicellular eukaryotic organisms

31
Q

EUKARYOTIC KINGDOMS

A
  • group of similar organisms that can sexually reproduce together
32
Q

PROKARYOTIC KINGDOM

A
  • share physical characteristics and have at least 70% DNA similarity
33
Q

BIOFILMS

A
  • sticky communities made up of a single or diverse microbial species
  • cells that seed a biofilm make adhesion factors to help them attach to a target surface
  • 60-80% of infectious diseases in humans are due to biofilm creating molecules
34
Q

QUORUM SENSING

A

-the collective sensing and responding to changes within a bacterial community

35
Q

ASEPTIC TECHNIQUE

A
  • preventing the introduction of potentially dangerous microbes to a patient; it doesn’t mean that everything in the healthcare setting needs to be sterile (absent of all microbes)
36
Q

CULTURE MEDIA

A

CULTURE MEDIA- mixtures of nutrients that support organismal growth in an artifical setting

  • agar
  • nutrient broth
37
Q

INTERSPECIFIC AND INTRASPECIFIC COMMUNICATION

A

INTERSPECIFIC: communication between different species of animals, plants, or microorganisms

INTRASPECIFIC: occurs between members of the same species.

Basic Anatomy (5 decks)

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