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NE (Neuroendocrine) Exam 3 > Lecture 46: Histology of Endocrine Organs > Flashcards

Lecture 46: Histology of Endocrine Organs Flashcards

1
Q

Humoral Stimuli

A
  • release controlled by monitoring lvls of ions and nutrients in blood/bodily fluids
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2
Q

Neuronal Stimuli

A
  • release stimulated by nerve signals
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3
Q

Hormonal Stimuli

A
  • release caused by a hormone secreted into bloodstream by another endocrine organ or cell
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4
Q

Direct Targets of Hypothalamic Hormones (3)

A
  1. Anterior Pituitary Gland - releasing/inhibiting factors
  2. Kidney/Uterus - antiduretic hormone/oxytocin
  3. Adrenal Medulla (sympathetic innervation)
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5
Q

Indirect Targets of Hypothalamic Hormones (5)

A
  • releases TROPIC HORMONES (stim/inhib release of other hormones from Anterior Pituitary Gland)
  1. Thyroid Gland (Thyroid-stimulating Hormone)
  2. Adrenal Cortex (ACTH or adrenocorticotropic horm)
  3. Mammary Glad (PRL or Prolactin)
  4. Gonads (FSH and LH)
  5. Bone and other organs (Growth Hormon or GH)
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6
Q

Anterior and Posterior Pituitary Gland

A

Anteror - 80% of gland (Adenohypophysis)
- glandular epithelial cells controlled by hypothalamus

Posterior - Neurohypophysis
- axons carry ADH/Oxytocin for storage/release

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7
Q

Cells of Anterior Pituitary (What do they release?)

  1. Somatotropic cells
  2. Thyrotropic cells
  3. Corticotropic cells
  4. Gonadotropic cells
  5. Mammotropic cells
A
  1. growth hormone (GH)
  2. thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) –> regulate thyroid gland secretion
  3. secrete ACTH and melanocyte-stimulating hormone
  4. follicle-stimulating and leutinizing hormones (FSH/LH)
  5. prolactin –> stimulates MILK PRODUCTION
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8
Q

What do ACTH and MSH act on?

A
  • ACTH: adrenal cortex stim = secrete stress-related hormones and mediate metabolism
  • MSH: stim melanocytes to produce melanin
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9
Q

What Anterior Pituitary Cells are Acidophils and Basophils?

A

Acidophils (2): somatotrophs/mammotrophs

Basophils (3): corticotrophs, thyrotrophs, gonadotrophs

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10
Q

Pars Intermedia Histology

A
  • between pars distalis and nervosa

- small basophils and collid-filled follicles lined by cuboidal epithelium

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11
Q

Pars Nervosa Histology

A
  • stores and releases hormones from axon terminals
  • HERRING BODIES: expanded axonal nerve terminals storing ADH/Oxytocin
  • pituicytes: glial cells supporting nerve cells
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12
Q

Anterior Pituitary Blood Supply

A
  • superior hypophyseal artery
  • hypothalamus send releasing/inhibiting hormones into PRIMARY CAPILLARY PLEXUS, through Hypophyseal Portal Veins to the Anterior Pituitary
  • Anterior Pituitary releases hormones into SECONDARY CAPILLARY PLEXUS
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13
Q

Posterior Pituitary Blood Supply

A
  • inferior hypophyseal artery
  • release Antidiuretic Hormone and Oxytocin

A: targets kidney –> sodium/water retention
O: stim lactation, induces birth, sexual arousal, social bonding

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14
Q

Pineal Gland Histology

A
  • role: growth, development, CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS
  • synthesizes melatonin/serotonin (covered in pia mater)
  • pinealocytes, neuroglia, calcified granular material
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15
Q

Thyroid Histology

A

Follicles: follicle cells around colloid fluid (simple cuboidal/columnar epithelium)

  • colloid has THYROGLOBULIN (storage from of T3/T4)
  • control basal metabolism, O2 usage, body temperature
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16
Q

TSH and Thyroglobulin

A
  • thyroglobulin synthed by rER, glycosylated in Golgi, secreted into Colloid (iodinated at apical end = T3/T4)
  • TSH stimulates thyroglobulin internalization (freeing of T3/T4) –> released from basal follicle cell into circulation
17
Q

Parafollicular C Cells

A
  • outside follicles, secrete calcitonin when blood calcium HIGH
  • lowers circulating calcium levels
    1. secretion by kidneys
    2. decrease OSTEOCLAST activity
    3. increase OSTEOBLAST activity
18
Q

Graves Disease

A
  • abnormal antibodies stimulating TSH receptors causing over-secretion of T3/T4
  • elevated metabolism, sweating, rapid HR, eyeballs protrude (4-8x more likely in women)
19
Q

Hypothyroidism

A
  • insufficient T3/T4 overproduction (autoimmune disease causing follicle death)
  • low metabolic rate, weight gain, lethargy, edema, chilliness
20
Q

Goiters

A
  • thyroid enlargement due to IODINE deficiency

- thyroid cells continuously produce thyroglobulin but cannot iodinate it to make TH

21
Q

Parathyroid Gland importance

A
  • release parathyroid hormone (PTH)

- MAJOR ROLE: regulate serum calcium and phosphate lvls

22
Q

Parathyroid Gland Histology (2 cell types)

A

Chief Cells - releases PTH (secretion when calcium below 9.5-10.5 mg/dL)

Oxyphil cells

23
Q

What is PTHs effect on bloodstream?

A
  1. osteoclasts to reabsorb bone/release calcium stores
  2. inc. kidney calcium retention
  3. kidney convert Vitamin D –> calcitriol (inc. calcium absorption by intestines)
24
Q

What is secreted from the Zona Glomerulosa, Fasciculata, Reticularis, and Adrenal Medulla?

A

ZG: Aldosterone

ZF/ZR: cortisol and androgens

Medulla: epinephrine/norepinephrine

25
Q

Zona Glomerulosa, Fasiculata, Reticularis functions

A

ZG: mineralcorticoids –> target kidney function; secreted to low blood pressure/volume (renin-angiotensin system)

ZF: glucocorticoids –> released by ACTH; Cortisol deals w/stress and mediates anti-inflammatory system

ZR: androgens –> influence secondary sex characteristics

26
Q

Chromaffin Cells (Adrenal Medulla)

A

Epinephrine Cells: small and lighter granule cells

Norepinephrine Cells: large and darker granule cells

27
Q

Addison’s Disease

A
  • hyposecretory disorder in both glucocorticoids and mineralcorticoids
  • blood glucose/sodium lvls drop, severe dehydration, loss of appetite, fatigue
28
Q

Cushing’s Disease

A
  • hypersecretion of glucocorticoids –> ACTH-secreting pituitary tumor or adrenal cortex tumor
  • high serum glucose lvls, muscle protein loss, lethargy
  • Buffalo Hump and Moon Face
29
Q

Alpha, Beta, Delta, and F-cells of Endocrine Pancrease

A

A: secrete glucagon; stim. liver glucose release

B: secrete insulin; stim glycogen storage in liver

D: secrete somatostatin; slow insulin/glycogen release (control rate of bloodstream nutrient entry)

F: secrete pancreatic polypeptide; inhibit somatostatin release

30
Q

Pancreatic Blood Supply (2)

A
  1. Insuloacinar portal system: supply islet (allows islet endocrine to influence acinar exocrine)
  2. Acinar vascular system: supplies pancreatic acini

NE (Neuroendocrine) Exam 3 (16 decks)

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