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LSCI 211 > Nucleic Acids > Flashcards

Nucleic Acids Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of nucleotides?

A

monomers; used for energy metabolism, enzyme cofactors, and signal transduction

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2
Q

What are the functions of nucleic acids?

A

polymers; used for storage of genetic information (DNA), transmission of genetic information (mRNA), processing genetic information (ribosomes), and protein synthesis (tRNA and rRNA)

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3
Q

Nucleotide:

A

N base+pentose+phosphate

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4
Q

Nucleoside:

A

N base+pentose

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5
Q

Traits of the phosphate group:

A
  • PO4
  • negative (at neutral pH0
  • typically attached to 5’ carbon
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6
Q

Nucleic acids are build using the 5’ _____ version of the nucleotides (_TP, _TP, _TP, and _TP)

A

triphosphate/A/C/G/T

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7
Q

What happens if the phosphate group isn’t attached to the 5’ C?

A

It leads to specialized functions

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8
Q

Which pentose is used for DNA and which is used for RNA?

A

Deoxyribose and ribose

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9
Q

N bases are either _____ (two rings) or _____ (one ring)

A

purine/pyrimidine

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10
Q

What are the characteristics of the N bases?

A

heteroaromatic, planar, absorb UV light

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11
Q

Which bases are in DNA?

A

A, T, C, G

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12
Q

Which bases are in RNA?

A

A, U, C, G

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13
Q

__, ___, and ___ are pyrimidines, ___ and ___ are purines

A

C/U/T/A/G

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14
Q

Pentose is attaches to N-base via ____ ____ from position N__ (purines) or N__ (pyrimidines), ___ conformation has a bond angle of 0* and ___ conformation has a bond angle of 180*

A

glycosidic linkage/9/1/syn/anti

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15
Q

A ____ _____ is related to bond 4, it limits the angle of torsion for the N-glycosidic bond between the N base and the pentose

A

Ring pucker

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16
Q

Modification is done after DNA synthesis, it makes ____ nucleosides; ____, ____, ____, ____, and ____

A
  • minor

- 5-methylcytosine, N6-methyladenoside, epigenetic markers, inosine, pseudouridine

17
Q

Polynucleotides: formed by ______ bonds (____ linkages) between nucleotides to form a ____-charged backbone that is _____ with ______

A

covalent/phosphodiester/negatively/linear/directionality

18
Q

Base pairs form between __ + __ and __ + __, there are __ per turn of the helix and the strands are complementary ____.

A

A/T/C/G/10.5/antiparallel

19
Q

__ is the predominant form of DNA but there is also __ (11bp/turn) and __ (left turn, 12bp/turn).

A

B/A/Z

20
Q

Steps of DNA replication: (basic outline)

A

1) strands separate, each is a template for a new strand
2) DNA polymerase catalyzes synthesis
3) new DNA is formed with one daughter and one parent strand

21
Q

mRNA:

A

messenger RNA

  • synthesized using DNA template
  • ribose instead of deoxyribose
  • uracil instead of thymine
  • transfers genetic into into proteins
22
Q

What are the two types of mRNA?

A

1) monocistronic: only codes for one gene

2) polycistronic: codes for more than one gene

23
Q

RNA hydrolysis occurs in _____ conditions or is catalyzed by ____. The __‘-hydroxyl acts as a _____ in intramolecular displacement, since DNA doesn’t have a __‘-hydroxyl it is unstable under these conditions

A

alkaline/RNase/2/nucleophile/2

24
Q

_____ cause many problems because they mix up the DNA, problems include hairpins and cruciforms

A

Palindromes

25
Q

DNA ____: induced by high temperatures or pH changes, can be ______. If the _____ bonds remain intact so does the genetic code, if the __ bonds break the strands split, is the ____ ____ ____ is lost UV absorption increases

A

denaturation/reversible/covalent/H/base pair stacking

26
Q

Annealing:

A

reversal of DNA denaturation

27
Q

Midpoint of melting

A

Tm: depends on the base pair composition (more C/G instates Tm), longer DNA has a higher Tm, more salt increases Tm, more

28
Q

Mechanisms of spontaneous mutagenesis:

A

1) deamination: removal of NH2, causes slow reactions with a large number of residues, C becomes U
2) depurination: N-glycosidic bonds are hydrolyzed and the purines split

29
Q

Mechanisms of radiation:

A

1) UV light: induces dimerization (neighbouring pyrimidines join via a dimer) which causes kinks in DNA
2) ionizing radiation: causes rings to open and strands to break

30
Q

Mutations are ___ to fix, accumulating mutations are linked to ___ and ____

A

hard/ageing/carcinogenesis

31
Q

_____ nucleotide triphosphates provides energy to ___ some enzymatic reactions

A

Hydrolyzing/catalyze

32
Q

What are some coenzymes that contain adenosine?

A

Coenzyme A (CoA), FAD

33
Q

Nucleotides act as regulators for cell signalling, an example of this is ___, a second messenger that activates ____ _____ __ activity

A

cAMP/protein kinase A

LSCI 211 (14 decks)

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