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Psyc 369 > Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Flashcards

1
Q

What is sound in the physical sense?

A

Pressure changes in air, liquid, or other mediums

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2
Q

What is sound in a perceptual sense?

A

The experience one has when hearing something.

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3
Q

What is the perceptual process in hearing?

A

Environmental stimuli, transduction, neural processing

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4
Q

What are the environmental stimuli?

A 
Distal stimulus (the thing at a distance in the world)
Proximal stimulus (physical phenomenon that imphinges on sensory receptors)
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5
Q

What is transduction?

A

The translation of the proximal stimulus into neural signals (principle of neural representation)

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6
Q

What is neural processing?

A

Combining information from different receptors in a sense-signals first go to the primary receiving area in the brain. Also may combine across the senses to provide an integrated conscious experience.

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7
Q

What are longitudinal waves?

A

Sound waves that can convert to a neural signal. Compression and rarefaction of air molecules.

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8
Q

How does air move in sound?

A

Backwards and forwards in the same spot.

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9
Q

What is a pure tone?

A

Simple sound wave where changes in pressure can be described by a sine wave.

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10
Q

What types of sounds are CLOSE to a pure tone?

A

Tuning forks, computer generated sounds, whistle, high notes on flutes.

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11
Q

What are the 2 properties of a pure tone sine wave?

A

1) Frequency

2) Amplitude

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12
Q

What is frequency?

A

Perceptual dimension of pitch (low versus high)-number of times per second that the entire pattern of pressure changes repeats. Measured in Hertz

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13
Q

What is amplitude?

A

Difference between the maximum and minimum pressure in sound wave (height)- perceptual dimension of loudness. Measured in decibels.

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14
Q

What is the range of frequencies that we can hear?

A

20-20000 Hz

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15
Q

If we increase a sound by 10db, how many times as loud do we perceive it?

A

2X as loud (only for the same frequency of sound).

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16
Q

What are audibility curves?

A

Plots the minimum loudness that we can detect across all frequencies-we can hear below 20hz but the sound has to be REALLY LOUD.

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17
Q

What frequencies are we most sensitive to? (can be quiet sounds to be heard).

A

2000-4000hz (human speech).

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18
Q

What is the equal loudness curve?

A

Indicates sound levels (amplitudes) needed to create the same perception of loudness at different frequencies.

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19
Q

What is pitch?

A

How high or low a sound is.

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20
Q

What is the physical dimension of pitch related to?

A

Fundamental frequency.

21
Q

What are fundamental frequencies?

A

Whole number multiples of the previous sound (like moving up an octave). Said to have the same tone chroma.

22
Q

What are complex tones?

A

A number of pure tones added together-have a more complex waveform.

23
Q

What is fourier analysis?

A

A way to break down complex tones into it’s constituent pure tones with it’s own frequency and amplitude.

24
Q

What is the lowest frequency component of a complex tone typically called?

A

The fundamental frequency.

25
Q

What are harmonics?

A

The other whole number multiples of the fundamental frequency.

26
Q

What is timbre?

A

Perceptual dimension of sound quality (ex: violin and piano sound different, even when 2 notes are the same)-between 2 sounds of the same pitch and loudness. Mainly associated with differences in complex waveform, but also associated with the time course of an instruments attack and decay.

27
Q

What is attack and decay?

A

Attack: time to reach maximum amplitude at the beginning of a tone
Decay: decrease in sound at the end of a tone

28
Q

What is the illusion of the missing fundamental?

A

When we remove the fundamental frequency, but there is no change in perceived pitch (there will be a difference timbre though)

29
Q

What does the outer ear consist of and what does it do?

A

Consists of Pinna, Auditory Canal, and the outer surface of the tympanic membrane (eardrum). The outer ear funnels sounds on to the tympanic membrane, which vibrates with changes in pressure.

30
Q

What are the Pinna? (outer ear).

A

Involved in sound localization.

31
Q

What is the auditory canal (outer ear)?

A

Uses wax and distance (resonance) to protect the eardrum and middle ear. Also keeps ear at a relatively constant temperature.

32
Q

What is the tympanic membrane? (ear drum, part of outer ear).

A

Airtight diaphragm that vibrates with any pressure changes (sound waves) that strike it.

33
Q

What does the middle ear consist of and what does it do?

A

Separates the outer and inner, transmits vibrations of the tympanic membrane to the oval window-oval window then transmits vibrations to the inner ear. Also contains the ossicles.

34
Q

What are the ossicles (middle ear)?

A

Smallest bones in the human body (malleus, incus, and stapes). Connect tympanic membrane (malleus) to the oval window on the cochlea (stapes). Ossicles increase pressure factor by 20X, as the oval window is very small and the tympanic membrane is large.

35
Q

Why would we want to increase pressure/force on the oval window?

A

Outer and middle ear are filled with air, inner ear is filled with much denser fluid. Sound is not as easily transmitted from air to fluid. Without ossicles, we would have an equivalent of 30dB of hearing loss.

36
Q

What are the middle ear muscles and what do they do?

A

Smallest muscles in our body, connect to ossicles. At loud levels of noise, they contract (pull on malleus and stapes, dampening their movement)-Acoustic reflex. Helps protect against damage to the hearing system due to loud noises. (best for low frequency noises, takes about 0.1 seconds, so vulnerable to sudden loud noises)

37
Q

What is the Eustachian Tube (middle ear)?

A

Tube that connects middle ear to upper throat area. Allows us (by yawning) to recalibrate pressure equalization when we change altitude-air pressure is different on the outside than in. (for the tympanic membrane to vibrate properly, air pressure in the middle ear must equal that of the outside)

38
Q

What is the function of the inner ear and what parts does it contain?

A

Transducing vibrations and balance-contains the cochlea and semicircular canals.

39
Q

What is the cochlea and what are the different parts it contains?

A

Coiled, tapered tube filled with fluid (perilymph), 3 components include:
Vestibular canal
Tympanic canal
Cochlear duct

40
Q

What is the vestibular canal?

A

Area where the stapes vibrating against the oval window causes a wave of pressure through the fluid.

41
Q

What is the tympanic canal?

A

The wave of pressure travels back through this canal and out the round window.

42
Q

What does the cochlear duct contain?

A

Basilar membrane, organ of corti, and tectorial membrane.

43
Q

What is the basilar membrane?

A

Very thin membrane all along length of duct

44
Q

What is the organ of corti?

A

Rests on top of the basilar membrane, structure responsible for auditory transduction (3500 nerve hair cells all in a row- auditory transduction. 12000 outer nerve hair cells in 3 rows-sharpen response of inner hair cells.

45
Q

How do we find infant threshold and audibility curves?

A

Infant gets earphones, sits on parents lap. Person out of sight watches baby as on each trial, a tone is either present or not. Person must decide based on the baby’s reaction whether they heard a tone or not. Graph % of behavioural responses given a certain sound.

46
Q

What was the study that DeCasper and Fifer did on infant hearing?

A

Newborns could control what they listened to depending on how they sucked on a pacifier-typically suck in bursts and pauses. Length of pauses determines what they hear. At 2 days old, babies would preferentially “choose” the recording of their mothers voice over a stranger.

47
Q

What was the study that DeCasper and Spence did on infant hearing?

A

1/2 of mothers read the cat in the hat out loud while pregnant, and 1/2 read the dog in the fog. During testing, babies could choose 1 or the other- Results; babies prefer the version they had heard in the womb!

48
Q

What do other studies on infant hearing show?

A

Preference for native language, habituation and dishabituation to music played through headphones on tummy. Changes in heart rate and kicking when hearing moms voice versus someone else.

Psyc 369 (11 decks)

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