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Pathology Final > Hemodynamics > Flashcards

Hemodynamics Flashcards

1
Q

___ ___: which tends to force fluid outward through the capillary membrane

A

capillary pressure (Pc)

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2
Q

___ ___: which tends to force fluid inward when Pif is positive

A

interstitial fluid (Pif)

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3
Q

___ ___ ___ ___: which tends to cause osmosis of fluid inward

A

capillary plasma colloid osmotic pressure (Πp)

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4
Q

___ ___ ___ ___: which tends to cause osmosis of fluid outward

A

interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressure (Πif)

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5
Q

Excess of blood within a tissue/organ

A

Hyperemia

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6
Q

___ ___: due to an increased blood inflow (from arterial system) to a tissue/organ

A

Active Hyperemia

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7
Q

Three clinical examples of active hyperemia:

A

1) Inflammation
2) acute bacterial bronchopneumonia (ABB)
3) Reactive hyperemia (after temporary ischemia)

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8
Q

In acute bacterial bronchopneumonia (ABB), what do we see histologically?

A
  • Dilated capillaries in the alveolar wall

- Alveolar space with cells (RBC, WBC, PMN, macrophages, and debris)

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9
Q

___ ___: due to impaired outflow of blood from a tissue/organ (impaired venous return)

A

Passive Hyperemia (Congestion)

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10
Q

Passive Hyperemia (Congestion) has edema because NFP _____.

A

increases

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11
Q

Discuss Left cardiac failure.

A
  • Distention of pulmonary veins
  • Tachycardia, Orthopnea
  • Causes edema in lower limbs
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12
Q

Discuss Right cardiac failure.

A
  • Systemic veins pool with blood
  • No dissension of pulmonary veins
  • Results in edema, splenomegaly and hepatomegaly
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13
Q

What are some examples of passive hyperemia (congestion)?

A
  • Deep venous thrombosis
  • Pulmonary congestion/pulmonary edema
  • Acute/Chronic Congestion of Liver
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14
Q

In pulmonary congestion/pulmonary edema, the alveolar spaces have more:

A

fluid

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15
Q

Pinpoint (1-2mm) hemorrhages in the skin, mucosal surfaces or serosal surfaces

A

petechiae

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16
Q
  • 2-5mm, multiple, diffuse (found in many areas)

- similar to petechiae, also appear in increased vascular fragility or vasculitis

A

purpura

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17
Q

Hemorrhage localized in a tissue

A

Hematoma

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18
Q

Diffuse hemorrhage, usually in the skin & subcutaneous tissue; color changes with time

A

ecchymosis

19
Q

What is the morphology of arterial thrombi?

A
  • Initially soft, friable, and dark red
  • Have Lines of Zahn
  • Grow in retrograde direction
20
Q

What are the possible outcomes of arterial thrombi?

A

1) Lyse
2) Propagation
3) Organization
4) Canalization
5) Embolization

21
Q

What is the morphology of venous thrombi?

A
  • Dark red
  • Lines of Zahn less visible
  • Grow in anterograde direction
22
Q

Most common form of embolism:

A

thromboembolus

23
Q

Detachable mass of various origins & in various locations

A

Embolism

24
Q

Site of embolization for venous thromboembolism?

A

pulmonary thromboembolism

25
Q

Site of embolization for arterial thromboembolism?

A
  • lower extremity (most common)
  • brain
  • small intestines
  • spleen
  • kidney
26
Q

Usually 24-72 hours after a trauma in fractures of the long bones & pelvis, what can occur?

A

Fat embolism

27
Q

White (anemic) infarcts are caused by ___ occlusions.

A

arterial

28
Q

Red (hemorrhagic) infarcts are caused by ___ occlusions.

A

arterial or venous occlusions

29
Q

The presence of increased fluid in the interstitial space or body cavities

A

Edema

30
Q

Fluid in pleural cavity is called:

A

hydrothorax

31
Q

Fluid in pericardium is called:

A

hydropericardium

32
Q

Fluid in peritoneal cavity is called:

A

ascitis

33
Q

GENERALIZED and SEVERE edema is called:

A

anasarca

34
Q

Fluid in the deep layers of skin or mucosa; happens very quickly and needs immediate attention because it could be lethal.

A

angioedema

35
Q

Albumins maintain the

____ pressure, which will bring fluid INSIDE vessels.

A

colloid

36
Q

____ pressure brings fluid into interstitial space, whereas ____ pressure brings fluid back into the capillary

A

hydrostatic

colloid

37
Q

In increased hydrostatic pressure, what happens to fluid?

A

fluid leaves arterial AND venous ends, which results in edema

38
Q

In decreased oncotic (colloid) pressure, what happens to fluid?

A

Fluid leaves arterial end but NOT ENOUGH comes back in venous end, resulting in edema

39
Q

In increased permeability, what happens to fluid?

A

There is increased fluid leakage from both arterial

& venous ends, resulting in edema

40
Q

In lymphatic obstruction, what happens to fluid?

A
  • The fluid leaves arterial ends, 90% comes
    back to venous end but the 10% that’s
    supposed to go to lymphatics is blocked
  • Resulting in Edema bc fluid stays in tissue
41
Q

Protein-poor

A

transudate edema

42
Q

Protein-rich

A

exudate edema

43
Q

Pitting edema is seen in:

A

transudate edema

Pathology Final (8 decks)

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