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Pathology Final > Environmental Pathology > Flashcards

Environmental Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Leading global cause of morbidity and premature death in developing countries:

A

undernutrition

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2
Q

How many pounds of toxic chemicals are released each year by US?

A

4 billion

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3
Q

How many pounds of pollution are carcinogens?

A

72 million

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4
Q

What is the leading cause of death in developing countries?

A

Ischemic Heart disease and Cerebrovascular disease

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5
Q

Anything that can be absorbed in any way possible (inhalation, ingestion, and skin contact) is called?

A

Xenobiotic

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6
Q

___ (in the liver) converts toxic metabolite to easily excreted water-soluble compounds.

A

cytochrome P450

*phase 1!

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7
Q

Affixes polar groups to solubilize insoluble compounds; primary metabolite gets converted to secondary.

A

Phase 2

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8
Q

Hemoglobin has a ___ higher affinity for carbon monoxide

A

200x

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9
Q

What is the clinical finding in a person with acute carbon monoxide poisoning?

A

cherry red skin & mucous membrane coloration

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10
Q

What metal interferes with calcium metabolism and bone remodeling?

A

Lead

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11
Q

Symptoms of lead poisoning?

A
  • neurotoxicity (affects children’s mental health!)

- inhibited fracture healing

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12
Q

Blue green bartonian line along

gingival margin is seen with:

A

lead induced pigmentation

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13
Q

Increased radio density of epiphyses due to impaired cartilage remodeling; can be seen in the gums!

A

Lead lines

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14
Q

Lead suppresses ____ synthesis.

A

hemoglobin

there are ringed sideroblasts on stain

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15
Q

What produces the organic form of mercury?

A

Bacteria

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16
Q

Neurotoxicity of mercury = ?

A

Minamata disease

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17
Q

What are the four things seen in Minamata disease?

A
  • cerebral palsy
  • deafness
  • blindness
  • mental retardation
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18
Q

Huge amounts of what metal are seen in Bangladesh, and cause lots of poisoning?

A

Arsenic

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19
Q

Acute arsenic poisoning causes:

A

GI, Cardiovascular, and CNS problems (can be fatal)

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20
Q

Chronic arsenic poisoning causes:

A

Increase risk of lung and skin cancers

skin changes via hyperpigmentation and hyperkeratosis, which can develop into squamous and basal cell carcinomas

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21
Q

Exposure to benzenes and organic solvents can lead to:

A

leukemia

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22
Q

What causes 90% of lung cancers?

A

Tobacco smoking

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23
Q

Smoking causes 5+ million deaths annually from:

A

CVD, Cancer, Chronic respiratory problems

24
Q

Major metabolite of nicotine is:

A

cotinine

25
Q

How does nicotine exert behavioral effects?

A 
nACh receptors (nicotine subtype of ACh receptors)
*found in ANS & NMJ
26
Q

What part of brain is nicotinic receptor found?

A

Hippocampus

27
Q

The difference in survival between smokers and non-smokers is __ years.

A

7.5

28
Q

At age 70:
__% of non-smokers are alive
__% of smokers are alive.

A

80% of non-smokers are alive

50% of smokers are alive.

29
Q

Tobacco increases chances of MI and stroke by what 4 ways?

A

1) Increase platelet aggregation
2) Decrease heart oxygen supply
3) Increased oxygen demand
4) Decreased threshold for ventricular fibrillation

30
Q

Legal definition of drunk driving is how many mg/dL?

A

80

about 3 drinks

31
Q

How many mg/dL leads to drowsiness?

A

200

32
Q

How many mg/dL leads to stupor?

A

300

anything higher = coma

33
Q

Main mode of alcohol metabolism is:

A

ADH

34
Q 
FETAL ALCOHOL SYNDROME:
• \_\_\_
• \_\_\_
• \_\_\_
• \_\_\_
A
  • microcephaly
  • growth retardation
  • facial abnormalities
  • mental deficiencies
35
Q

Chronic effects of alcohol?

A
  • cirrhosis of liver
  • portal hypertension
  • thiamine deficiency (wernicke’s syndrome!)
36
Q

*Hormone replacement therapy is associated with what three things?

A
  • INCREASE breast cancer risk
  • INCREASE venous thromboembolism
  • DECREASE of heart disease if started early
37
Q

Low ___ is toxic to liver cells; this happens when one takes Acetaminophen.

A

glutathione

38
Q

What drug can cause blueish skin, gray-ish teeth, and thyroid pigmentation?

A

Minocycline

39
Q

What disease causes black skin pigmentation?

A

Ochronosis (alkaptonuria)

40
Q

What drug blocks re-uptake of dopamine, norepinephrine and epinephrine and stimulates presynaptic release?

A

Cocaine

41
Q

The main difference between contusion vs laceration is:

A
  • contusion = overlying skin is intact

- laceration = overlying skin is ruptured

42
Q

Thermal injury:

  • Superficial burn affects only:
  • Partial thickness affects:
  • Full thickness affects:
A
  • Superficial = epidermis
  • Partial thickness = epidermis and dermis
  • Full thickness = subcutaneous tissue and muscle (n.n burned)
43
Q

Wound that smells, slippery & green is infected with this bacteria.

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

44
Q

If someone has head and neck radiation - which salivary glands are the LEAST resistant to radiation?

A

Parotid

45
Q

If someone has head and neck radiation - which salivary glands are the MOST resistant to radiation?

A

Minor salivary glands

46
Q

Most common type of benign salivary gland tumor?

A

Pleomorphic adenoma

47
Q

____ may cause cross-linking of membrane proteins

A

hydroxyl radicals

48
Q

Cells in the __ and __ phases are the most sensitive to radiation.

A

G2 and mitotic

if you had to pick one - mitotic!

49
Q

VERY sensitive to radiation:

A
  • hematopoietic cells
  • lymphoid tissue
  • spermatogonia
  • ovarian follicles
50
Q

RELATIVELY sensitive to radiation:

A
  • GI mucosa
  • endothelial cells
  • hair follicles
  • breast
  • pancreas
  • bladder
  • heart & lungs
51
Q

LEAST sensitive to radiation:

A
  • bone and cartilage
  • skeletal muscle
  • nervous tissue
52
Q

What is the dose of whole-body radiation that is lethal to humans?

A

10-20 Gy

53
Q

What are the clinically important tissues and organs that are hard to shield during radiation therapy?

A
  • Skin, Salivary glands
  • Lungs, Heart
  • Kidney, Bladder, Intestine
54
Q

Radiation-induced cancers include:

A

Leukemia, Breast, Brain, Thyroid, Lung, Skin

55
Q

Electric power is an example of:

A

Non-ionizing radiation

56
Q

Pigmentation as a result of UV radiation happens by:

A

oxidation of melanin

Pathology Final (8 decks)

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