Task 2

Question 1

Caudate

Answer 1

multimodal asoociatoion cortices, motor areas in PFC that control eye movement => Neurons fire prior to eye movement

Question 2

Putamen

Answer 2

input from somatosensory visual, premotor & motor cortices and aufitory association areas=> neurons frie prior to limb/ trunk movemnet

Question 3

Dpaminergic modilation

Answer 3

 Excitatory input to spinys that project to internal globus pallidus (= direct pathway)
 D1 receptor cells (G-protein stimulates cAMP)  EPSP
 Increased responsiveness to cortical input
 Inhibitory input to spinys that project to external globus pallidus (= indirect pathway)
 D2 receptor cells (G-protein inhibits cAMP)  IPSP
 Decreased responsiveness to cortical input
 Decrease inhibitory outflow
 Reward modulation: when goal of movement is associated with larger reward, dopamine is released in the striatum  strengthens connections in direct pathway (motor program more likely to get the “go”)
 Drop in dopamine when something went wrong  strengthens connection in the indirect pathway

Question 4

PARKIMNSON

Answer 4

substania nigra degenerates=> inhiboty ouput to extrenal incresed, inhibitory output to internal decresed=> more inhibition on thalamaus

Question 5

Huntimgton inhibitory pathway to extrenal sedgment decreses

Answer 5

nhibitory pathway to extrenal sedgment decreses, inhibitory output to thalamus decreses

Question 6

4 loops

Answer 6

Body movement loop
Occulomotor loop
Prefrontal loop
Limbic loop

Question 7

Body movement loop

Answer 7

Motor premotor, somatosensory cortex=> Putamen=> Lateral globus pallidus=> Ventral lateral n& vebntral anterior nuclei

Question 8

Occulomotor loop

Answer 8

posterior parietal prefrontal cortex , frontal eye field=> Caudate=> Globus pallidus internal segment => mediodorsal & ventral anterior nuclei

Question 9

Prefrontal loop

Answer 9

Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex=> anterior caudate=> Globus pallidus=> mediodorsal & ventral anterior nuclei

intitiation & termination of cognitive processesplanning WM

Question 10

Limbic loop

Answer 10

Amygdala , anterior cingular ,orbito frontal cortex, hippocmapus=> Ventral striatum=> Ventral palladium => mediodoral nucleus

transition from one modd to naother regulates emotional and emotional behavioiur

Question 11

medium spiny neurons

Answer 11

These neurons exhibit very little spontaneous activity and must simultaneously receive many excitatory inputs from cortical and nigral neurons to overcome the stabilizing influence of this potassium conductance (which remains a stable resting membrane potential, close to depolarization). When they do become active, their firing is associated with the occurrence of a movement.

Question 12

2 most common areas of deep btrain stimulation

Answer 12

subtahlamic nucleus and globus pallidus internaö

Question 13

BG othr input

Answer 13

Thalamus brainstem other spiny, intrinsic interneurons, substania nigra pars compacta