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emergency services > Firefighting > Flashcards

Firefighting Flashcards

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Royal College: Emergency Medicine flashcards
1
Q

Leading causes if failure

A

Stress
Over exertion
Mvc accidents

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2
Q

Other causes of fatalitites

A

Falls
Being struck by an object
Trapped in a structure fire
Gsw

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3
Q

Injuries and prevention

A

-main types
Strains/Sprains
Cuts/bruises

-Prevention
Effective training
Use ppe properly 
Physical fitness
Follow safety
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4
Q

Chronic illnesses

A 
Respiratory diseases
Cardiovascular diseases
Cancer
Obesity
Stress induced hypertension
Diabetes
Drug and alcohol use
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5
Q

NFPA

A 
Established design criteria for PPE
Defined safe training practises/program
NF PA 1500
Safety and health related policies
Training and education
Driver/operator
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6
Q

Risk management

A

Will risk a lot to save a lot
Will risk a little to save little
Will not risk to save lives or property already lost

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7
Q

Risk management

Prevent…
Reduce…
All levels…

A

Prevent

  • human suffering fatalities injuries illness exposure
  • Damage to or loss of equipment trying to build

Reduce
-Occurrences and severity

All levels
-Promote and practice safety program

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8
Q

Components of risk management

A

Safety and health committee
Department policies
Accident prevention
Training for personnel

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9
Q

Situational awareness

A
  • be aware of surroundings
  • Be aware if conditions
  • drive defensively
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10
Q

Emergency scene 3 rules

A

Rules
Situational awareness
Basic structural techniques

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11
Q

Roadway safety

A

High visibility vests
Apparatus scene lighting
Block traffic w pump

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12
Q

Control zones

A

Green- cold zone
staging area, command post,RIT

Yellow-warm zone
Safe haven

Red-hot zone
Forward access point

Black-hazard zone
Hazard

-collapse zone

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13
Q

Define fire

A

Heat producing chemical reaction between fuel and oxidizer

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14
Q

Two types of chemical changes

A

Physical change

  • substance chemically same
  • changes size shape appearance

Chemical reaction

  • substance changes
  • from one type of matter to another
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15
Q

Heat

A

Increasing temp of substance

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16
Q

potential energy

A

Stationary

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17
Q

Kinetic energy

A

Transfers from high to low temperature substance

Always moving

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18
Q

Types of energy

A 
Chemical
Thermal
Mechanical
Electrical
Light
Sound
Nuclear
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19
Q

What happens to cheical energy in fire

A

Converted to thermal enegry

Released as heat

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20
Q

What does chemical/physical changes involve

A

Potential energy
Released during combustion
Converted to kinetic energy

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21
Q

2 types of energy reactions

A

Endothermic
-converting water to steam

Exothernic
-fire

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22
Q

Ignition

A

Fuel heated

Sufficient heat transfer-causes pyrolysis

Energy necessary for ignition-from external source

Continues production

Ignition so combustion reaction sustained

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23
Q

2 forms of ignition

A

Piloted

Autoignition

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24
Q

Fire tetrahedron

A

Reducing agent (fuel)

Oxidizing agent

Chemical chain reaction

Heat

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25
Q

Products of combustion

A 
Thermal energy 
Toxic smoke
Smike
Carbon monoxide 
Hydrogen cyanide
Carbon dioxide
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26
Q

Sources if thermal energy

A

Chemical
Electrical
Mechanical

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27
Q

Conduction

A

Transfer of heat through and between solids

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28
Q

Convection

A

Transfer of thermal energy by circulation or movement of fluid (liquid or gas)

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29
Q

Radiation

A

Transmission of energy as an electromagnetic wave without an inverting medium

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30
Q

Fuel

A

The material or substance oxidized or burned in combustion

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31
Q

Inorganic

A

Do not contain carbon

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32
Q

Organic

A

Contains carbon and other elements

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33
Q

Solubility

A

Extent to which substance will mix with water

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34
Q

Miscible solubility

A

Mix in any proportion

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35
Q

Hydro carbon solubility

A

Do not mix

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36
Q

Polar solevants solubility

A

Reafily mix

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37
Q

Oxygen facts

A

21% oxygen is typical

Materials can burn as low as 14%

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38
Q

Fore development factors

A 
Fuel type
Availability and location of fuel
Compartment volume and ceiling height
Ventilation 
Thermal properties of compartment
Ambient conditions (outside weather)
Fuel load
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39
Q

Stages of a fire

A 
Incipient 
Grove
Fully developed and flashover
Backdraft
Decay
40
Q

Progression to flashover 2 factors

A

Sufficient fuel, heat release rate

Ventilation- must have sufficient 02

41
Q

Indications of flashover

A 
Smike
Airflow
Building type
Hest
Flame
Rollover
42
Q

Backdraft

A

Change in ventilation that results in explosively rapid combustion of flammable gasses aka explosion

43
Q

Backdraft factors

A 
Volume of smoke
Pressure
Location where ignition occurs 
Degree of confinement 
More confined=more violent
44
Q

Unplanned ventilation

A

Can be result of wind outside structure

  • increase pressure inside structure
  • flames into unburned portions
  • upset tactical ventilation
45
Q

2 purposes of ppe

A

Protect from hazards

Minimize risk of injury or fatality

46
Q

Respiratory hazards

A 
Oxygen deficiency
 elevated temperatures 
particulate contaminants
 gases and vapour 
airborne pathogen’s
47
Q

Psychological effects of reduced oxygen

A

19.5% normal conditions
15% to 19% ability to perform strenuous work decreases coordination is impaired
12% to 14% “. “
10% to 12% dizziness headache rapid Fatigue
8% to 10% mental failure unconsciousness blue lips nausea vomiting
8% exposure for eight minutes results in fatal exposure for 4 to 5 minutes can be treated
6%, occurs in 40 seconds followed by death

48
Q

Super heated air health hazards

A

Decrease in blood pressure
circulatory system failure
pulmonary oedema
asphyxiation

49
Q

For parts of an open circuit at SCBA

A

Backplate and harness
Air cylinder
Regulator
Facepiece

50
Q

Respiratory protection equipment

A

Air purifying respirators APRs
-filters particles only

Atmosphere supplying respirators ASR’s
-provides breathable air

51
Q

No. Emergency exits

A 
Situation stabilized 
shift in strategy
 replace cylinder
 IC command 
assignment complete
52
Q

Non-emergency exit techniques

A

Buddy system
controlled breathing
egress paths
accountability system

53
Q

Emergency exits life-threatening situations

A

Low-pressure alarm on SCBA or failure incident command or safety officer increased respiratory hazards
change in conditions

54
Q

Fire hydrant locations

A

Connected at specified intervals
not more than 300 feet apart in high-value districts
every building within one block
may require immediate hydrants

55
Q

Factors impacting location and spacing of hydrants

A 
Building constructions 
occupancy 
building density 
size of water main
 require fire flows in area
56
Q

Two types of hydrants

A

Dead end-Receives water from one direction

Circulating hydrant- Receives water from two or more directions

57
Q

Where is hydrants can fail

A

Damaged hydrant valves and connections
broken water mains
greater demand then the system can provide hydrants located on dead end water mains
closed isolation valves
restricted means caused by sediment and mineral deposits
pipes or hydrants that are frozen

58
Q

Similarities between hydrants

A

Construction materials
valve opening and water main connection requirements
male threads conform with local use
NF PA 1963 regulations

59
Q

Two components to be standard hydrant

A

At least one large outlet four or 4 1/2 inches

Two hose outlet nozzles for 2 1/2 inches couplings

60
Q

Two type of hydrant barrels

A

Dry barrel hydrants Canada cold climate

wet barrel hydrants California hot climate

61
Q

Hydrant colours

A 
Class a a light blue 
class a green
 class B orange 
class c red
62
Q

Components of drafting water shuttle operation

A

Dumpsite
Fill site
mobile water supply apparatus

63
Q

Drafting water

A

May be required to access alternative water supplies
needed in areas like public water system
system has an adequate volume

64
Q

Relay pumping

A

Establishment factors
-maintain volume for duration needed -must be quick enough to be worthwhile

set up factors

  • volume of water
  • distance between water source and fire scene -supply hose size and amount available pumper capacity

other considerations

  • apparatus with greatest pumping capacity located at water source
  • causes of friction loss
  • plan in advance and practice often
65
Q

Two types of damage and what they are

A

Primary- damage caused by fire and smoke

Secondary- damage caused by firefighters

66
Q

2 tactics to reduce damage

A

Salvage- saving personal belongings

Overhaul- searching for hidden fires

67
Q

Three main ways of protecting content during salvage procedures

A

Protecting contents in place

moving contents to safe location in structure

removing contents from structure

68
Q

Overhaul

A

Always cover openings

preserve evidence of arson

search for Hiddden fires

Place building and contents and safe condition

determine cause of fire

69
Q

Tools used for overhaul

A 
Pike poles and hooks
 axes
 prying tools 
thermal imager 
shovels 
Buckets 
power saws 
drills
70
Q

Hazards of overhaul

A

Fire weekend floor

broken glass nails and sharp objects

cuts punctures thermal burns if no gloves

strains sprains

fatigue

always have charged hose lines

71
Q

Situational awareness during overhaul

A 
Teams of two or more
Know exit routes 
maintain RIT 
monitor personnel 
be aware of hidden gas and electrical utilities accountability system
72
Q

For methods of locating hidden fires

A

Sight
sound
touch
electronic sensors

73
Q

Overhaul procedures

A

If extended to other areas determine path

if floor beams burned at party wall ends and flush voids

thoroughly check insulation materials

do not make random openings

understanding basic building construction can help

search and concealed spaces

consider if the concealed space indicates utilities

make openings in neat and planned manner

open ceilings from below

do not stand directly under When pulling ceiling

small burning objects frequently uncovered

large smoldering items taken outside

do not disturb evidence

74
Q

How does building construction affect fire development

A

-Helps predict
direction
speed
collapse

-alerts firefighters to
Safe areas
Obstacles to exit
Escape

75
Q

Size up

A

1- officer in charge

2- all personnel

3- 1st firefighter on the scene asses situation

  • what has happened
  • what is happening
  • what is going to happen
76
Q

How can you use senses during situational awareness

A

Listen to sound sound floor watch colour of smoke fuel door with back of hand

77
Q

Safety guidelines for structural search and rescue

A

Search systematically

stay low and move cautiously

mark entry and remember direction

maintain contact with wall and lines in low Visibility

monitor and communicate changes

have staffed and charged hose lines whenever possible

report rooms not searched and searched

keep supervisor informed

78
Q

Primary search versus secondary search

A

-Primary search
fast
fire still going
start close to fire as possible

  • secondary search
    second set of eyes
    more thorough
    after initial suppression
79
Q

To being objective to search and rescue

A

Searching for life

assessing fire conditions

80
Q

Methods for primary and secondary searches

A

Left hand search pattern

search as close to fire as possible

use oriented search method for rooms that extend from hallway

perform a quick survey by getting low to ground

81
Q

Limited visibility during primary search methods

A

Identify objects by touch

search all sides of any object

report to incident commander is smoke obscures vision

do not move objects it can be disorienting

82
Q

Lifting technique’s

A

Incline drag

webbing drag

cradle in arms

seat lift

moving victims onto litter

extremities lift

83
Q

Three must have survival skills

A

Recognize and avoid potential hazards

rescue lost and trapped firefighters

escape unavoidable hazards

84
Q

Pre-incident survey

A

Read fire and anticipate development

anticipate extent and location of fire

identify construction type and potential collapse

locate entry an alternative exits

anticipate interior changes

two in two out rule

check air supply in teams

risk benefit analysis

85
Q

Mayday communications

A

Describe problem
give location
remain in place

if an immediate danger

transmit mayday
activate pass alarm
communicate with incident commander

86
Q

What does LUNARS stand for with Mayday communications

A 
Location 
unit 
name 
assignment 
resources needed 
situation
87
Q

Three key principles of air management

A

Know how much air is left
know point of no return
inform incident commander if must exit

88
Q

Three courses of action during Mayday

A
  • Escape
  • seek safe shelter stay low closed doors
-remain in place
 stay calm 
breathe slow 
communicate with radio 
activate pass alarm 
make noise 
shine light directly overhead
 temporarily turn off pass alarm and listen
89
Q

What does RIT team do

A

-2 firefighters

-When located downed firefighter 
Check air 
deactivate pass alarm 
confirm identity 
request assistance if needed 
mitigate any hazards 
moved to safe shelter if necessary
90
Q

Parts of a ladder

A 
Butt
 butt spurs 
beams
Rungs 
bed Section
 footpad 
halyard cable
pulley
tip 
fly section
91
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of metal wood fibreglass ladders

A

Metal

Lighter
cheaper

Wood

Heavy
not a conductor

Fibreglass

Stronger
weather resistant

92
Q

What NFPA standard are all fire ladders

A

1932

93
Q

Two ways to secure a ladder

A

Heel

Tie in

94
Q

Two methods of moving a ladder

A

Shift

Pivot

95
Q

Removing victims conscious versus unconscious

A

Conscious- face towards ladder

Unconscious- face towards you

emergency services (9 decks)

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