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S.N Pathophys final > Labs extra > Flashcards

Labs extra Flashcards

1
Q

What markers can we find in case of GI tumors?

A

CEA (Carcino Embryonic Ag) Not specific

CA 19-9 (Carbohydrate Ag) elevated in Colon/Pancreatic cancers

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2
Q

Syndrome with Glucosuria and low blood glucose levels

A

Fanconi syndrome

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3
Q

No glucosuria at high blood glucose levels?

A

GFR is low
flow is slower
more time to reabsorbed the sugar

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4
Q

Tubularglucose reabsorbtion threshold

A

10 mmol/l

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5
Q

K+ levels

A

3.5-5 mmol/l

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6
Q

Why hyperkalemia in DM1?

A

Bcs less ATP to the Na/K pump

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7
Q

When should you do OGGT

A

Fasting glucose btw 6-7

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8
Q

DM common in adoults with presence of Ab

A

LADA

Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults

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9
Q

OGGT values

A

Below 7.8 Impared fasting glucose
7.8-11 Impared gkucose tolerance
Above 11 DM

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10
Q

How do we check long term diabetes treatment?

A

HbA1c
6-7% is target
10% is baddd

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11
Q

No meal + Insulin in DM paitents will result in

A

Somogyi effect

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12
Q

Effect of Addisons disease on blood glucose

A

Low cortisol levels
Low gluconeogenesis
Hypoglycemia

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13
Q

What happens in obesity

A 
More FFA
Liver TG synthesis
Increased VLDL
Increased LDL
Decreased HDL
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14
Q

Hypothyroidism and Hyperlipidemia

A

Less LDL-R so serum LDL increased

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15
Q

VLDL job

A

carry TG to tissues from the liver

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16
Q

What is cholestasis

A

BIle cannot floe from liver

Less fat absorbtion

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17
Q

Causes for secondary hyperlipidemia

Alcohol

A

Decreased NAD+
Decreased B-oxidation
Increased TG synthesis

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18
Q

Normal cholesterol levels

A

Below 5.2 mmol/l

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19
Q

Normal TG

A

Below 1.7 mmol/l

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20
Q

When High cholesterol but normal TG this is

A

Dyslipidemia IIa

Heterozygote for Familial Hypercholeserolemia

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21
Q

How do we confirm Familial Hypercholeserolemia

A

LDL-R mutation

Apo B mutation

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22
Q

DIscolored palmar crease is known as

A

Xanthoma striatum Palmare

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23
Q

When cholesterol and TG are both high we sespect

A

Familial dysbetalipoproteinemia
Familial Hyperlipoproteinemia
Autosomal recessive Mutation of ApoE
Impared clearance of VLDL, LDL

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24
Q

What is the indication of carcinoam of the head of the pancreas?

A

Courvoisier triad

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25
Q

Normal serum Bilirubin

Direct serum Bilirubin

A

20 microM

Less than 5 microM

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26
Q

Normal serum ALP

A

<120 U/L

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27
Q

High ALP indicates

A

Obstruction

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28
Q

Normal INR

A

0.85-12

29
Q

What does ERCP stands for

A

Endoscopid
Retrograde
Cholangio
Pancreatography

30
Q

What is the ratio btw ALAT to ASAT in viral cases

A

ALAT>ASAT

LLL like in viraLLL

31
Q

GGT meaning and normal values

A

Gamma Glutamyl Transferase

<55 U/L

32
Q

Normal MCV

A

80-99 fL

33
Q

How does alcohol cause hepatitis?

A

Inhibition of B oxidation

34
Q

Normal Albumin levels

A

35-55 U/L

35
Q

Normal Ht levels

A

0.39-0.52

36
Q

Iatrogenic hepatitis is usually duo to

A

HCV

37
Q

Sharp RUQ can indicate

A

Gallstones

38
Q

Inflammation of the gallbladder is called

A

Cholecystisis

39
Q

Sybdrom that can cause low conjugation of Bilirubin

What enzyme is problematic?

A

Gilberts syndrome

UDP Glucoronyl transferase works less

40
Q

Which Hep virus usually present with acute course

A

HAV

41
Q

FIrst response Immunoglobulin

A

IgM

42
Q

RF and ANA stands for

A

Rehumatoid Factor

Anti Nuclear Ab

43
Q

RF and ANA indictes of

A

Autoimmune disorder

44
Q

Autoimmune hepatitis types

A

Type 1 more common. Adults

Type 2 rare. Kids

45
Q

Serum a amylase value

A

<180 U/L

46
Q

Serum creatinine

A

40-130 microM

47
Q

Serum WBC

A

<10 G/L

48
Q

Serum urea

A

3.5-7 mM

49
Q

DIagnose GERD

A

Esophegeal manometry
Endoscopy
Biopsy for H.pylori

50
Q

Pain shortly after food suggests

A

Peptic ulcer

51
Q

Ab common in Crohn’s

A

ASCA

52
Q

Ab common in UC

A

P-ANCA

53
Q

Tests for lactose intolerance

A

Lactose H breath test
Blood glucose
Stool acidity

54
Q

How can we decrease PRL

A

Dopamine agonist

55
Q

How do we investigate acromegaly?

A
  • GH level
  • IGF-1 levels
  • OGGT (glucose inhibits GH)
  • Imaging
56
Q

Hypercholesteremia when T3/T4 decrease

A

Bcs ususally they stimulate LDL-R

57
Q

When the problem is in the pituitary it is _____

A

Secondary

58
Q

Normal urine density

A

1.01 Kg/L

59
Q

Diabetes insipidus can be

A

Central

Nephrogenic (problem with ADH-R)

60
Q

Obsessive drinking

A

Psychogenic Polydipsia

61
Q

hCG is

A

LH analoge

62
Q

hCG administration with no response

A

Primary hypogonadism

63
Q

Graves disease

A

Hyperthyroidism

Thyroid stimulating Ab bind TSH-R

64
Q

Hypothyroidism

A

Hashimotos and Iodine def.

65
Q

Which nodules have higher chances of malignancy

A

Cold

66
Q

MIT/DIT elevated

T3/T4 decreased

A

TPO deficiency

Dyshormonogetic Goiter

67
Q

RAIU

A

Radio
Active
Iodine
Uptake

68
Q

How do we check for thyroid melignancy?

A

Scintigraphy with Iodine 123

S.N Pathophys final (11 decks)

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