Tricky topics

Question 1

chronic stage of respiratory damage caused by smoking

Answer 1

• proliferation of Type II pneumocytes - goblet cells and basal cells proliferate - club cells die - fibroblasts lay down scar tissue

Question 2

club cells

Answer 2

role in detoxifaction via P450

Question 3

cell renewal rate of trachea

Answer 3

1-2 month

Question 4

cell renewal rate of alveoli

Answer 4

9 days

Question 5

cell renewal rate club cells

Answer 5

NEVER

Question 6

basal cells

Answer 6

stem cells of the lung

Question 7

acute bronchitis

Answer 7

3 weeks

Question 8

chronic bronchitis

Answer 8

is a daily productive cough that lasts for 3 months of the year and for at least 2 years in a row

Question 9

COPD includes

Answer 9

emphesma and chronic bronchitis

Question 10

gland definition

Answer 10

is an epithelial cell or aggregate of epithelial cells that are specialised for secretion of a substance

Question 11

glycosylation

Answer 11

the covalent attachment of sugars by enzymes to proteins and lipids to form glycoproteins and glycolipids

Question 12

how is the resting potential set up

Answer 12

chemical diffusion and electrical gradient

Question 13

chemical diffusion

Answer 13

potassium moves out of the cell down conc gradient

Question 14

electrical gradient

Answer 14

causes K+ to flow back in due to the negativity created by K+ initially leaving down conc gradient (also intracellular anions)

Question 15

when is there no ent movement of potassium

Answer 15

when chemical diffusion and electrical gradient are equal and opposite

Question 16

Nerst equation

Answer 16

Question 17

membrane potential

Answer 17

the electrical charge that exists across a membrane

Question 18

acute hyperkalemia

Answer 18

cells become less excitable- brining resting potnetial closer to the threshold–> intially more excitable

Question 19

NaV and feedback mechanisms

Answer 19

when threshold is reached the sodium channels will all open. Initial opening of NaV will give positive feedback to other NaV causing them to open

then they will be inactivated- unable to open

potassium channels will then open

Question 20

types of refractory period

Answer 20

absolute refractory period

relative refractory period

Question 21

NaV channel structure

Answer 21

only one alpha unit made up of 4 repititve subunits

subunit I- pore

subunit II- voltage sensor

Question 22

a Kv channel comprises

Answer 22

4 individual alpha subunits

Question 23

classes of perpheral axon

Answer 23

Aalpha

Abeta
A gaba

Adelta

B

C

Question 24

what increases conduction velocity

Answer 24

1) high resistance
2) low capacitance
3) larger diamater- less cytoplasmic resistance

Question 25

capacitance

Answer 25

ability to store charge

Question 26

devics disease

Answer 26

myelination of optic and spinal cord neveres

Question 27

examples of anaesthetics

Answer 27

procain and lidocaine –> work by blocking sodium channels prveenting AP

Question 28

when can procaine and lidocaine pass the membrane

Answer 28

in the unprotonated form

Question 29

local anaesthetics block conduction in nerve fibres in the following order

Answer 29

• small myelianted axons
• non-myelinated axon
• large myelinated axon

Question 30

CaV structure

Answer 30

similar to NaV

• slower

Question 31

what can be used to diagnose myasthenia gravis

Answer 31

1) autoimmune antibody test
2) endrophonium test

Question 32

outline endrophonium test

Answer 32

1. pt does facila exercies
2. pt given endrophonium chloride
3. short acting acetylcholinesterase inhibitor–> increases conc of ACh at synapse
4. face should relax

Question 33

how do organophsophates cause poisoning

Answer 33

form a stable irreversible covalent bodn to ACh esterase

• recovery takes weeks waiting for ne ACh synthsis