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Pathology > Tropical Diseases > Flashcards

Tropical Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition for tropical diseases?

A

Encompass all disease that occur solely, or principally, in the tropics
In practice, the term is often taken to refer to infectious diseases that thrive in hot, humid conditions

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2
Q

What does neglected tropical diseases mean?

A

Tropical diseases that don’t receive the attention or research funding needed

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3
Q

What disease does Mycobacterium leprae cause?

A

Leprosy

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4
Q

How is leprosy spread?

A 
By aerosol (coughs, sneezes)
Eating armadillos
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5
Q

What is the treatments for leprosy?

A

long-term treatment w/ 2 or more antibiotics (multi drug therapy)
Anti-inflammatory drugs - Control nerve pain + leprosy damage

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6
Q

Describe the clinical spectrum of leprosy

A 
Tuberculoid leprosy (TT) = mild
Borderline tuberculoid (BT)
Borderline borderline (BB)
Borderline lepromatous (BL)
Lepromatous leprosy (LL) = severe
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7
Q

What is the difference between Tuberculoid leprosy + Lepromatous leprosy?

A

TT
= Cell-mediated response
= Body tries to eliminate M. leprae in granulomas

LL
= Antibody-mediated response
= M. leprae proliferate within + around foamy macrophages (ineffective)

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8
Q

Are acid-fast bacilli seen in leprosy?

A

Low in undetectable TT

High in LL

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9
Q

What is the cause of rabies?

A

Viral infection - Lyssavirus

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10
Q

How is rabies spread?

A

Saliva of infected animals e.g. dog bites

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11
Q

Describe the structure of Lyssavirus

A

Bulleted shape

Helical nucleocapsid surrounded by thin protein-studded membrane

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12
Q

Describe the 2 types of rabies

A

Furious rabies
= 80% of cases
= Hyperactivity + hydrophobia
= Death after a few days

Paralytic rabies
= 20% of cases
= Gradual muscle paralysis
= Coma slowly develops
= Death eventually
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13
Q

What causes Chagas disease?

A

Parasitic protozoan - Trypanosoma cruzi

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14
Q

What are the 2 phases of Chagas disease?

A

Acute
= First few weeks/months
= often no/mild symptoms
= Usually resolves itself after 3-8 weeks (if not, enter chronic phase)

Chronic
= life threatening
= Dilation of heart, nervous + digestive system
= Cell death, inflammation, cellular lesions + fibrosis
= Cardiomyopathy, megaoesophagus, megacolon

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15
Q

What is the cause of Lymphatic filariasis?

A

Thread-like nematode worms (3 species)
= Wuchereria bancrofti
= Brugia malayi
= Brugia timori

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16
Q

What are the symptoms of Lymphatic filariasis?

A

Lymphoedema (due to blockages in lymphatic system)

17
Q

What is the treatment for Lymphatic filariasis?

A

Prevention
= Mosquito nets
= Insecticide

Antifilarial drugs
Mass drug administration (MDA) -> elimination

18
Q

What is the cause of Ebola?

How is it spread?

A

Ebola virus
= filamentous virus in Filiviridae family

From fruit bats or human-to-human via blood or bodily fluids

19
Q

What is lymphatic filariasis also known as?

A

Elephantiasis

20
Q

What are the symptoms of ebola?

A 
Haemorrhagic fever
Fatigue
Headache
Sore throat
Muscle pain
Followed by:
Vomiting
Diarrhoea
Rash
Impaired kidney + liver function
Bleeding (internal + external)
21
Q

Name the 6 Ebola virus species

A 
Ebola virus
Bundibugyo Ebolavirus
Sudan Ebolavirus
Tai Forest Ebolavirus
Reston Ebolavirus
Bombali virus
22
Q

What is the cause of Zika?

How is it spread?

A

Zika virus - flavivirus family

Aedes mosquito
Sexual transmission
Mother-to-child
Blood transfusion

23
Q

What are the symptoms of Zika?

A 
Mild symptoms
= Fever
= Rash
= Conjunctivitis
= Muscle + joint pain
= Headache
= Pre-term birth + miscarriage
24
Q

What type of cells does the Zika virus infect?

A

Human neural progenitor cells (hNPCs)

25
Q

What causes malaria?

how is it spread?

A

Parasite: Plasmodium
(P. falciparum + P. vivax)

Anopheles mosquitoes

26
Q

What are the symptoms of malaria?

A

Fever
headache
chills
Can be fatal after 24hrs of bite

27
Q

What is the treatment for malaria?

A

Artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT)

Prevention is best: Nets + insecticides

Pathology (7 decks)

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