Affective disorders

Question 1

Are mood disorders the same as affective disorders?

Answer 1

Yes

Question 2

What is a mood disorder?

Answer 2

Disorder of mental status and function where altered mood is the core feature

Question 3

How can anxiety disorders associated with mood disorders be treated?

Answer 3

By treating the associated mood disorder

Question 4

Are mood disorders always primary?

Answer 4

No

Question 5

What is dysthymia?

Answer 5

A mild form of depression where symptoms fall just below the threshold for depression diagnosis

Question 6

What is depression as a symptom?

Answer 6

An emotion within the range of normal experience - considered a form of sadness, not as an absence of happiness

Question 7

What is depression as a syndrome?

Answer 7

A constellation of symptoms and signs

Question 8

Is depression recurrent?

Answer 8

Yes

Question 9

What are 4 factors to determine when depression becomes abnormal?

Answer 9

Persistence of symptoms - at least 2 weeks
Pervasiveness of symptoms
Degree of impairment
Presence of specific symptoms or signs

Question 10

How does the mood of depression change through the day?

Answer 10

Tends to be worst on waking and improves as day goes on

Question 11

What is anhedonia?

Answer 11

No longer experiencing pleasure or interest in things you used to find pleasure or interest in

Question 12

How does a person’s thought content change with depression?

Answer 12

Guilt
Worthlessness
Hopelessness
Neurotic symptomatology
Delusions and hallucinations if severe

Question 13

How does mood change in depression?

Answer 13

Feeling depressed
Anxiety
Perplexity
Anhedonia

Question 14

What are changes of bodily function that occurs in depression?

Answer 14

Reduction of energy - fatigue
Sleep problems - too much or too little
Appetite - weight loss
Loss of libido
Constipation
Pain

Question 15

What changes in psychomotor functioning can happen in depression?

Answer 15

Agitation

Retardation

Question 16

What are social problems in depression?

Answer 16

Loss of interests
Irritability
Apathy
Withdrawal, loss of confidence, indecisive
Loss of concentration, registration, memory

Question 17

What are ICD-10s factors for depression?

Answer 17

Symptoms last at least 2 weeks
No hypomanic or manic episodes in lifetime
Not attributable to psychoactive substance use

Question 18

How is mild depression diagnosed?

Answer 18

At least 2 of - depressed mood almost every day uninfluenced by circumstances
Loss of interest or pleasure
Decreased energy or increased fatigability
Add from this list to give 4 total - Loss of confidence
Unreasonable feelings of guilt
Recurrent thoughts of death by suicide
Decreased concentration
Agitation
Sleep disturbance
Change in appetite

Question 19

How is moderate depression diagnosed?

Answer 19

At least 2 of - depressed mood almost every day uninfluenced by circumstances
Loss of interest or pleasure
Decreased energy or increased fatigability
Add from this list to give 6 total - Loss of confidence
Unreasonable feelings of guilt
Recurrent thoughts of death by suicide
Decreased concentration
Agitation
Sleep disturbance
Change in appetite

Question 20

How is severe depression diagnosed?

Answer 20

All of - depressed mood almost every day uninfluenced by circumstances
Loss of interest or pleasure
Decreased energy or increased fatigability
Add from this list to give 8 total - Loss of confidence
Unreasonable feelings of guilt
Recurrent thoughts of death by suicide
Decreased concentration
Agitation
Sleep disturbance
Change in appetite

Question 21

What is post-natal depression?

Answer 21

Baby blues within 2 weeks of childbirth

Question 22

What are differentials for depression?

Answer 22

SAD
Dysthymia
Cyclothymia
Bipolar
Stroke, tumour, dementia
Hypothyroid
Infections
Drugs

Question 23

What antidepressants can be used to treat depression?

Answer 23

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
Tricycylic antidepressants
Monamine oxidase inhibitors
Others

Question 24

What physical treatments can be used for depression?

Answer 24

Electroconvulsive therapy
Psychosurgery
Deep brain stimulation
Vagal nerve stimulation

Question 25

What psychological treatment can be used for depression?

Answer 25

Family therapy
Individual dynamic psychotherapy
Cognitive behavioural therapy
Interpersonal therapy

Question 26

What is mania?

Answer 26

A state of inappropriate elevated mood - can be life threatening ie think you are invincible and get into danger

Question 27

What is hypomania?

Answer 27

Mild degree of mania without psychosis
Mild elevation of mood for several days on end woth increased energy, activity, sexual energy, talkativeness, etc
Not to extend of disruption of work or social rejection

Question 28

What is mania?

Answer 28

Mood lasting 1 week, severe enough to disrupt ordinary work and social activities more or less completely
Elevated mood, increased energy, pressure of speech, decreased need for sleep
Disinhibition
Grandiosity
Heightened senses
Extravagant spending

Question 29

What are psychiatric differentials for mania?

Answer 29

Mixed affective state
Schizoaffective disorder
Schizophrenia
Cyclothymia
ADHD
Drugs and alcohol

Question 30

What antipsychotics can be used for mania?

Answer 30

Olanzapine
Risperidone
Quetiapine

Question 31

What mood stabilisers can be used for mania?

Answer 31

Sodium valproate
Lamotrigene
Carbamazepine

Question 32

What is bipolar affective disorder?

Answer 32

2+ episodes of depression AND mania/hypomania

Question 33

When does bipolar normally onset?

Answer 33

15-19