LECTURE 1

Question 1

Allele?

Answer 1

an alternative DNA sequence found at a particular locus

Question 2

Locus ?

Answer 2

position if the genome being considered

Question 3

allele inherited as?

Answer 3

as a unit

Question 4

snp?

Answer 4

single nucleotide polymorphism

Question 5

Traits caused by?

Answer 5

Genetically based phenotypic differences between individuals

Question 6

Phenotypic variation contributed by?

Answer 6

frequencies of alleles

Question 7

how to calculate frequency if alleles?

Answer 7

number of alleles/total alleles

Question 8

define evolution

Answer 8

change in allele frequencies

Question 9

Population differences can be informative in what sense (2)

Answer 9

1- How different alleles are favoured in particular environments
2- Understanding on migration (gene flow)

Question 10

how can we determine allele frequencies with genetic frequencies

Answer 10

Number of individuals with genotype/ total number of individuals

Question 11

Hardy Weinberg model?

Answer 11

Relationship between allele frequency and genotype frequency.

Question 12

Hardy Weinberg equilibrium?

Answer 12

allele frequencies remain constant

Question 13

Genetic drift happens in what kind of population

Answer 13

finite

Question 14

Assumptions of hardy Weinberg?

Answer 14

1. Random mating
2. Infinite population
3. Large population
4. No migration
5. No mutation

Question 15

At h-w equilibrium, what are genotype frequencies of aa and AA

Answer 15

0.25

Question 16

At h-w equilibrium what are the genotypic frequencie of Aa

Answer 16

0.5

Question 17

positive assorted mating

Answer 17

individuals mate with those with a similar appearance

Question 18

negative assorted mating

Answer 18

individuals mate with those with a different appearance to themselves

Question 19

inbreeding

Answer 19

when

Question 20

Alleles identical by decent

Answer 20

Descended from the same common ancestor. Usually due to inbreeding

Question 21

Inbreeding causes ?…

Answer 21

Increase in homozygotes

Question 22

Inbreeding coefficient?

Answer 22

F= probability of alleles being identical by decent

Question 23

How can heterozygosity be advantageous

Answer 23

by masking deleterious alleles

Question 24

Inbreeding depression?

Answer 24

lower fitness in homozygous individuals (ones which are in bread) compared to heterozygous

Question 25

Under the assumption of the hardy Weinberg model?

Answer 25

allele frequencies remain constant

Question 26

Change in allele frequencies is down to which three things?

Answer 26

1. Genetic drift
2. natural selection
3. Migration

Question 27

Genetic drift?

Answer 27

random changes in allele frequencies

Question 28

expected error in allele frequencies

Answer 28

1/2N

Question 29

experiment to back up genetic drift?

Answer 29

Drosophillia eye colour. 8 males and 8 female with the genomic frequency=0.5.Diverged and became fixed at either all red or all white.

Question 30

Bottleneck?

Answer 30

when a population goes through a large reduction in population size

Question 31

Founder effect?

Answer 31

When a few individuals are separated from a initial population, the seperated population can have very different allele frequencies to the original population

Question 32

Different genotypes have different?

Answer 32

fitness

Question 33

Fitness?

Answer 33

the average contribution to the next generation made by an individual or genotype

Question 34

overdominace

Answer 34

where the heterozygote produces the phenotype with a better fitness compared to the homozygote

Question 35

allele frequencies over dominance

Answer 35

both maintained neither is lost as the heterozygote is favoured (by its fitness)

Question 36

Definition of migration/ gene flow?

Answer 36

movement of alleles from one population to another

Question 37

Migration causes what to happen within populations?

Answer 37

for them to become more alike