LEC 5

Question 1

Genetic marker

Answer 1

Some feature In the genome which allows us to distinguish between two alleles

Question 2

Two types of genetic markers

Answer 2

1. Base composition

2. Presence/ absent

Question 3

main Use of genetic markers?

Answer 3

Forensics

Question 4

Complex trait methods?

Answer 4

GWAS, QTL: give information on genetic variation between individuals

Question 5

CNR, percentage of human DNA

Answer 5

copy number repeats

0.4%

Question 6

Ways to assay markers?

Answer 6

RFLP SSLP SNP DNA sequencing

Question 7

Before DNA technology how would we find allele variants

Answer 7

ALLOZYMES - allelic variants of enzymes
Electrophoresis on these enzymes they will move through the gel at different rates
-Stain used to track movement

Question 8

RFLP stands for

Answer 8

restriction fragment length polymorphism

Question 9

Method of RFLP

Answer 9

DNA cut into different length fragments by endonuclease. they are different lengths due to different number of CNP’s without the fragment (VNTR)
- Electrophoresis

Question 10

VNTR?

Answer 10

Variable number of tandem repeats

Question 11

If mutation happens within the Tandem repeats ?

Answer 11

Can either no longer be recognised by restriction endonucleases or can now be recognised

Question 12

RAD sequencing?

Answer 12

• Sequencing adaptors added to restriction sites
• Restriction sites cut
• Reduced representation
• large genome sequencing

Question 13

How does RAD sequencing identify mutations within DNA

Answer 13

absence of a fragment will indicate the presence of a mutation in a cut site.

Question 14

RAD sequencing uses what part of the DNA of individuals?

Answer 14

the same

Question 15

When was RFLP popular

Answer 15

before the invention of PCR (1985) kary mullins

Question 16

microatellitie loci ?

Answer 16

Small repeat motif (atatatata)

Question 17

Highly polymorphic

Answer 17

highly variable (high mutation rate)

Question 18

How can we distinguish alleles at loci ?

Answer 18

Number of repeats at a particular locus

Question 19

most classes of markers rely on?

Answer 19

PCR especially forensic applications

Question 20

Alleles are generated by

Answer 20

replication errors.

Question 21

SNP

Answer 21

single nucleotide polymorphism

Question 22

Techniques to identify snps

Answer 22

• If locus known can target that specific location

- Sequence regions & differentiate the snps

Question 23

Haplotype?

Answer 23

block of a chromosome inherited as a unit?

Question 24

How can haplotypes be differentiated

Answer 24

Genetic marker information

Question 25

mitochondrial marker are important in

Answer 25

population studies

Question 26

Why are mitochondrial useful in population studies?

Answer 26

They are inherited from one parent, no recombination ,therefore the end of a linage is representative

Question 27

Polymorphic

Answer 27

Highly variable

Question 28

Application of genetic markers in forensics

Answer 28

Chilean sea bass threatened by overfishing
may be mistaken for other species
15% foreign haplotypes and 8% are actually other species

RED snapper: many fish were being fished as RED snappers but in fact 77% weren’t even red snapper. 56% were actually in danger and being overfished.

Japan: minke whale meat is legal to fish. But in fact the grey whale was found to be being classified as a minke (which is also endangered), sperm whales, dolphins, killer whales, hump back. LOADS OF FUCKING WHALES

Question 29

DNA barcoding

Answer 29

Sequencing the mitochondrial genes which distinguish species