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Sympsoiums yr2 > 4-HIV and AIDS > Flashcards

4-HIV and AIDS Flashcards

1
Q

What does AIDS stand for?

A

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

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2
Q

What is AIDS?

A

Syndrome of opportunistic infections and malignancies secondary to severe impairment of cell-mediated immunity.

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3
Q

3 Ways HIV is transmitted

A
  1. sexual transmission
    2 parenteral (via infected blood)
  2. Mother to baby
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4
Q

name 3 blood-borne viruses

A
  1. HIV
  2. Hepatitis B
  3. Hepatitis C
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5
Q

What happens to CD4 count after infection of HIV

A

CD4 count drops drastically for 6 weeks, the body begins to recover and it increases. After a few years, it begins to drop all the way to 0.

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6
Q

if your CD4 count is below 200 what does it put you at risk of?

A

any opportunistic infection

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7
Q

What happens to your viral load after infection?

A

Viral load is very high, drops down and after a few years it begins to rise rapidly

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8
Q

What is seroconversion?

A

the time it takes from when you are infected to making the right antibodies

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9
Q

What does HIV do to CD4 cells?

A

HIV leads to a progressive decline in CD4 cells

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10
Q

What happens to T lymphocyte count?

A

goes down leading to defective cell-mediated immunity

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11
Q

What does defective cell-mediated immunity predispose you to ?

A

A wide range of opportunistic infections from:

  • intracellular pathogens
  • viruses
  • fungal
  • protozoal
  • cancers (driven by viruses eg. HPV)
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12
Q

Give an example of an intracellular pathogen

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB)

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13
Q

give an example of an opportunistic virus?

A

Herpes simplex
cytomegalovirus
varicella zoster

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14
Q

Give an example of an opportunistic fungal infection

A

oral candidiasis

meningitis

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15
Q

Give an example of an opportunistic protozoal

A

Cerebral toxoplasmosis

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16
Q

What disease is particularly common in patients with HIV?

A

TB (Mycobacterium Tuberculosis)

17
Q

What is Cerebral toxoplasmosis

A

A parasitic infection leading to lumps in the brain, oedema (fluid) surrounds the lump

18
Q

What is Kaposi sarcoma?

A

skin cancer leading to purple lesions

19
Q

How do we test for HIV?

A

Screening via an antibody test in which presence of HIV antibody indicates infection

20
Q

Which antigen do you screen for?

A

p24 antigen

21
Q

What 2 reasons do dentists need to know about HIV

A
  1. opportunity for early diagnosis

2. in order to protect self & other pts in healthcare setting

22
Q

What to do if you have needlestick or mucous membrane exposure?

A
  1. immediate decontamination of affected area

2. “post-exposure prophylaxis” ARV

23
Q

Some indicator conditions of HIV in mouth

A
  1. leukoplakia
  2. oral candidias (uvulla covered in white)
  3. kaposi sarcoma
  4. glossitus (red lobulated tongue)
24
Q

Some oral manifestations of HIV

A
  1. angular cheilitis ( flakey redness on corners of the mouth)
  2. gingivitis (inflamed gums)
  3. xerostomia (dry tongue and mouth)
  4. parotitis (bilateral swelling - inflammation of parotids)
25
Q

main stages of HIV lifecycle

A
  1. VIRAL ENTRY (binds to CD4 receptor on host cell)
  2. REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION (viral RNA transcribed to DNA
  3. INTEGRATION (integrates with host DNA (nucleus))
  4. VIRAL ASSEMBLY- (replicated) genome packaged by protease enzyme
  5. RELEASE OF MATURE VIRUS
26
Q

What key enzymes are involved in the HIV lifecycle?

A
  1. Protease
  2. Integrase
  3. Reverse transcriptase
27
Q

What is a retrovirus? e.g. hiv

A

virus where genes are encoded into RNA instead of DNA. (needs to be transcribed in order to replicate in host cell)

28
Q

What are some typical symptoms in the acute phase of infection?

A
  • swollen glands
  • fever
  • mouth ulcer
  • rash
29
Q

What is antiretroviral therapy?

A

Drugs that can block every stage of the HIV lifecycle

30
Q

What is the aim of antiretroviral therapy?

A

to lower the viral load, giving the immune system time to recover

31
Q

name 4 types of antiretroviral therapy

A
  1. entry inhibitors/ co-receptor blockers
  2. reverse transcriptase inhibitors
  3. integrase inhibitors
  4. protease inhibitors
32
Q

why do you need to use a combination of 3 drugs?

A

virus easily mutates

33
Q

why should you be careful with HIV therapy

A

risk of adverse drug interactions. Certain antiretroviral drugs can either induce or inhibit cytochrome P450 which could lead to toxic or subtherapeutic levels of other medications administered

34
Q

what does it mean when patients on RV have an undetectable viral load?

A

it means they are not infectious, untransmissable

Sympsoiums yr2 (27 decks)

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