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Sympsoiums yr2 > 23- Histopathology of joint diseases > Flashcards

23- Histopathology of joint diseases Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 main types of joints

A
  1. Fibrous
  2. Cartilaginous
  3. Synovial joints
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2
Q

Where are fibrous joints found?

A

Between the bones of the skull

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3
Q

Where are cartilaginous joints found?

A

Between ribs and sternum allowing certain movements

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4
Q

Where are synovial joints found?

A

Between 2 bones allowing movement

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5
Q

What are some features of synovial joints?

A
  • covered in cartilage
  • capsule of dense fibrous tissue, holds synovial fluid in place
  • contains synovial fluid and synovium
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6
Q

What is synovium?

A

Synovial membrane which lines the inner surface of the joint excluding the cartilage

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7
Q

What are some features of articular cartilage?

A

Very hard, smooth made up of collagen, no blood supply, receives nutrition from synovial fluid

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8
Q

What happens to articular cartilage when damaged?

A

It cannot repair itself, it will eventually degenerate

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9
Q

What are 3 types of diseases of synovial joints

A
  1. trauma
  2. inflammatory
  3. non-inflammatory
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10
Q

E.G of trauma?

A

hemarthrosis

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11
Q

What are 2 types of infection?

A
  • crystal induced

- primary inflammatory

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12
Q

Example of non-inflammatory?

A

osteoarthritis

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13
Q

Can you have a tumour in a joint?

A

No

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14
Q

Who has greater genetic susceptibility of rheumatoid disease?

A

Women, twins, HLA antigen

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15
Q

What are some immunological markers present in rheumatoid disease?

A
  • Autoantibodies
  • Cellular immunity
  • cytokines
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16
Q

What are some autoantibodies found in rheumatoid disease?

A

Rheumatoid factor, citrulline

17
Q

What are some cellular immunity found in rheumatoid disease?

A

T cells (CD8+)

18
Q

What are some cytokines found in rheumatoid disease?

A

TNFs (tumour necrosis factor alpha),

IL1 (interleukin 1)

19
Q

What are prostaglandins and leukotrienes classed as?

A

Arachadonic acid metabolites (small molecules that control pain)

20
Q

What happens to synovium when inflammed?

A

normally synovium is flat. when inflamed has small finger-like projections known as pannus, this pannus grows over and destroys articular cartilage, degrading the cartilage from below the marrow surface

21
Q

What is another name for inflamed synovium?

A

Pannus

22
Q

What does destruction of bone lead to?

A

erosions and osteoporosis

23
Q

What does the destruction of cartilage, capsule, ligamentsleads to?

A

Joint instability, subluxation

24
Q

What is subluxation?

A

Partial dislocation of joint, the inflammatory process destroys the capsule as well as surrounding muscle making it unstable

25
Q

What is tenosynovium?

A

inflammation of cartilage which surrounds tendon, leading to joint pain, swelling and stiffness

26
Q

What is chondrolysis

A

Cartilage destruction

27
Q

what is chondrolysis driven by?

A

IL1, TNFa

28
Q

How can erosions around small joints affect the cervical spine

A

can cause spinal instability

29
Q

How can spinal instability be life threatening?

A
  • interferes with the blood supply to the brain

- impingement on the upper cervical spinal cord

30
Q

How can rheumatoid disease affect the oral cavity?

A

Reduced manual dexterity

Drugs can cause oral ulcers

31
Q

What must you give patients with Rheumatoid disease?

A

Antibiotics

32
Q

What is ankylosing spondylitis?

A

Autoimmune conditions attacking soft tissues around the vertebrae leading to fusion of the spine
-inflammation followed by modification of tendons and ligaments insertions these calcify and bones ankylose leading to a fused spine

33
Q

How does ankylosing spondylitis affect the oral cavity?

A

Restricts mouth opening

34
Q

What is osteoarthritis?

A

Progressive loss of articular cartilage and excessive production of bone can form cysts in bone

35
Q

Where does osteoarthritis start?

A

starts focally, propogates towards collagen until collagen is lost

Sympsoiums yr2 (27 decks)

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