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BMS242 Cell & Molecular > L4 Chromosome Structure > Flashcards

L4 Chromosome Structure Flashcards

1
Q

What do diploid eukaryotic cells contain

A

two copies of each chromosome

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2
Q

What can individual chromosomes be easily distinguished

A

metaphase of mitosis

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3
Q

Karotype

A

organised representation of all chromosomes at metaphase

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4
Q

Describe the organisation of individual chromosomes in interphase

A

occupy distinct subnuclear terriotories

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5
Q

Chromosome

A

highly coiled fibre of chromatin

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6
Q

Types of chromatin

A

euchromatin, heterochromatin

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7
Q

Nucleosome

A

building material of chromosomes

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8
Q

Types of histone

A

4 distinct types

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9
Q

Core histones

A

protein subunit of nucleosome

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10
Q

Function of histone tails

A

interact with proteins, facilitate regulation of chromatin

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11
Q

H1

A

linker histone

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12
Q

Function of H1

A

straps DNA onto histone octamers - limits DNA movement

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13
Q

What does H1 facilitate

A

establishment of transcriptionally silent heterochromatin

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14
Q

Interphase chromatin

A

set of dynamic fractal globules

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15
Q

Nuclear periphery in interphase cells composition

A

transcriptionally inactive DNA

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16
Q

Heterochromatin

A

transcriptionally silent

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17
Q

Inner part of the nucleus in interphase cells

A

RNA transcripts, transcriptionally active genes

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18
Q

Telomere

A

DNA sequences at ends of linear chromosome

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19
Q

Telomere function

A

maintain chromosomal integrity

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20
Q

Replication origin

A

DNA sequence, initiation of DNA replication

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21
Q

Centromere

A

DNA sequences, kinetochore assembly

22
Q

Centromere function

A

Mediate chromosome segregation

23
Q

Kinetochore

A

protein complex

24
Q

Kinetochore function

A

binds microtubules in mitotic spindle

25
Q

Telomerase

A

DNA polymerase that replicates telomeres

26
Q

True or False - telomeres are double stranded

A

false

27
Q

Two forms of kinetochore

A

inner and outer plate

28
Q

Inner kinetochore plate function

A

binds to chromatin containing alpha satellite DNA

29
Q

Kinetochore outer plate function

A

binds to protein components of mitotic spindle

30
Q

What do centromeres contain

A

alpha satellite DNA repeats

31
Q

Alpha satellite DNA repeats function

A

form condensed heterochromatin with histone octamers

32
Q

CENP-A

A

specialised histone in centromeric chromatin

33
Q

CENP-A function

A

connects inner kinetochore plate to methylated histones

34
Q

H3-K4me

A

methylated histone

35
Q

H3-K4me function

A

hold sister chromatids together

36
Q

Kinetochore in yeast

A

Hollow cylinder / basket

37
Q

Kinetochore in yeast function

A

links single nucleosome of centromeric chromatin to single microtubule

38
Q

Relationship between complex organisms and protein coding genes

A

More complex organisms, more protein coding genes, more non protein coding DNA

39
Q

Transposons

A

mobile repeated DNA sequences

40
Q

Types of transposons

A

DNA transposons, Retroviral retrotransposons, Non-retroviral polyA retrotransposons

41
Q

DNA transposon movement

A

cut and paste mechanism, without self duplication

42
Q

Requirements of DNA transposon movement

A

transposase

43
Q

DNA transposon discovery

A

Maize by Barbara McClintock

44
Q

Retroviral transposons function

A

replicate via RNA intermediates, produce new DNA copies - integrate at new genomic locations

45
Q

Retroviral transposon requirement

A

self encoded reverse transcriptase

46
Q

non-retroviral retrotransposons

A

replicate via RNA intermediate, copy and paste

47
Q

non-retroviral retrotransposon requirement

A

retrotransposon encoded reverse transcriptase

48
Q

TRUE or FALSE - most transposons are defective

A

true

49
Q

Large numbers of transposable elements are found in…

A

genomes of more complex organisms

50
Q

How much of the human genome is made up of transposons

A

around 50%

BMS242 Cell & Molecular (14 decks)

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