11 (textbook)

Question 1

Prenatal period:

Answer 1

extends from conception to birth, usually encompassing nine months of pregnancy

Question 2

Placenta:

Answer 2

structure that allows oxygen and nutrients to pass into the fetus from the mother’s bloodstream, and bodily wastes to pass out to the mother

Question 3

Germinal stage:

Answer 3

first phase of prenatal development, encompassing the first two weeks after conception

Question 4

Embryonic stage:

Answer 4

second stage of prenatal development, lasting from two weeks until the end of the second month

Question 5

Fetal stage:

Answer 5

third stage of prenatal development, lasting from two months through birth

Question 6

Age of viability:

Answer 6

age at which a baby can survive in the event of a premature birth

Question 7

Teratogens:

Answer 7

any external agents such as drugs or viruses, than can harm and embryo or fetus

Question 8

Threshold of viability:

Answer 8

age at which a baby can survive in the event of a premature birth

Question 9

Fetal alcohol syndrome:

Answer 9

collection of inborn problems associated with excessive alcohol use during pregnancy

Question 10

Developmental norms:

Answer 10

indicate the median age at which individuals display various behaviours and abilities

Question 11

Longitudinal design:

Answer 11

investigators observe one group of participants repeatedly over a period of time

Question 12

Cross-sectional design:

Answer 12

investigators compare groups of participants of differing age at a single point in time

Question 13

Cohort effects:

Answer 13

occur when differences between age groups are due to the groups growing up in different time periods

Question 14

The prenatal period is divided into what three phases?

Answer 14

• Germinal
• Embryonic
• Fetal

Question 15

Attachment:

Answer 15

close, emotional bonds that develop between infants and their caregivers

Question 16

Separation anxiety:

Answer 16

emotional distress seen in many infants when they are separated from people with whom they have formed an attachment

Question 17

Strange situation procedure:

Answer 17

infants are exposed to a series of eight separation and reunion episodes to assess the quality of their attachment

Question 18

Stage:

Answer 18

developmental period

- characteristic patterns of behaviour are exhibited and certain capacities become established

Question 19

Cognitive development:

Answer 19

transitions in youngster’s patterns of thinking, including reasoning, remembering, and problem solving

Question 20

Assimilation:

Answer 20

interpreting new experiences in terms of existing mental structures without changing them

Question 21

Accommodation:

Answer 21

changing existing mental structures to explain new experiences

Question 22

Object permanence:

Answer 22

develops when a child recognizes that objects continue to exist even when they are no longer visible

Question 23

Conservation:

Answer 23

awareness that physical quantities remain constant in spite of changes in their shape or appearance

Question 24

Dementia:

Answer 24

an abnormal condition marked by multiple cognitive deficits that include memory impairment

Question 25

Secondary sex characteristics:

Answer 25

physical features that distinguish one sex from the other but that are not essential for reproduction
Eg.) facial hair, breast growth, wider hips, broader shoulders in men

Question 26

Primary sex characteristics:

Answer 26

the structures necessary for reproduction
Eg.) penis, testes, and other internal structures, in the male, vagina, uterus, and other related structures in the female

Question 27

Menarche:

Answer 27

the first occurrence of menstruation

Question 28

Zone of proximal development:

Answer 28

the gap between what a learner can accomplish alone and what he or she can achieve with guidance form more skilled partners

Question 29

Scaffolding:

Answer 29

occurs when the assistance provided to a child is adjusted as learning progresses

Question 30

Habituation:

Answer 30

gradual reduction in the strength of a response when a stimulus event is presented repeatedly

Question 31

Dishabituation:

Answer 31

occurs if a new stimulus elicits an increase in the strength of a habituated response

Question 32

Centration:

Answer 32

tendency to focus on just one feature of a problem, neglecting other important aspects

Question 33

Irreversibility:

Answer 33

the inability to envision reversing an action

Question 34

Egocentrism:

Answer 34

thinking is characterized by a limited ability to share another person’s viewpoint

Question 35

Animism:

Answer 35

the belief that all things are living

Question 36

Nativist theorists:

Answer 36

assert that humans are prewired to readily understand certain concepts without making any assumptions about why humans are prewired in these ways

Question 37

Evolutionary theorists:

Answer 37

agree that humans are prewired for certain cognitive abilities but they’re interested in why