11 textbook questions Flashcards
When is walking typically mastered?
around 12 months
Longitudinal designs are more sensitive to…
developmental changes
Weaknesses of a longitudinal study:
They can take years to complete which causes participants to drop out as they lose intereset
When is temperamental individuality well established? Who found this out?
- 2 to 3 months
- Thomas and Chess
3 basic styles of temperament identified by Thomas and Chess:
- 40% of youngsters were easy children who tended to be happy, sleep regularly and eat
- 15% were slow to warm up, children tended to be less cheery, sleeping less regularly, slower in adapting to change
- 10% are difficult children who tended to be glum, erratic in sleeping and eating and resistant to change
When do infants show a strong preference for their mum?
around 6 - 8 months
Who believes infants are biologically programmed to emit behaviour triggering affectionate and protective responses from adults?
Bowlby
What does Mary Salter Ainsworth suggest in regards to attachment?
Attachment emerges out of a complex interplay between infant and mother
What method did Mary Salter use?
Strange situation procedure
Ainsworth found that infant mother attachments follow what three patterns?
Secure attachment – playing and exploring with the comfortability with their mother present and visibly upset when mother leaves and calm when she returns
Anxious-ambivalent attachment – children appear anxious when their mother is near and excessively protest when she leaves, but not particularly comforted when she returns
Avoidant attachment – children seek little contact with their mother and not often distressed when she leaves
When does separation anxiety emerge?
6 to 8 months and peaks at about 14-18 months
Who put together the first major theory of personality development?
Sigmund Freud (1900) - He claimed that the basic foundation of an individual’s personality is firmly laid down by age five
What did Freud theorize?
that personality continues to evolve over the entire life span
What theory did Erik Erikson develop?
Stage theory of development
Stage theories assume:
- Individuals must progress through specified stages in a particular order as each stage build upon another
- Progress through these stages is strongly related to age
- Development is marked by major discontinuities that usher in dramatic transitions in behaviour
Erikson’s stage theory
- Trust vs. mistrust
- Autonomy vs. shame and doubt
- Initiative vs. guilt
- Industry vs. inferiority
Trust vs. mistrust
- The first year of life
- if an infant’s biological needs are adequately met by its caregivers, the child should develop an optimistic, trusting attitude towards the world and the opposite could lead to a more distrusting, pessimistic personality
Autonomy vs. shame and doubt
- Unfolds during the second and third years of life
- The child must begin to take some personal responsibility for feeding, dressing, and bathing and will hopefully gain a sense of self-sufficiency if not, and the parents are never satisfied with the child’s efforts, then the child may develop a sense of personal shame and self-doubt
Initiative vs. guilt
- Lasts roughly from ages three to six
- Children experiment with their parents’ rules possibly causing overcontrolling parents to instill feelings of guilt causing self-esteem to suffer
- Parents should support their children’s emerging independence while maintaining appropriate control
Piaget’s stage theory:
- He proposed that youngsters progress through 4 major stages of cognitive development,
Sensorimotor period, pre-operational period, concrete operational period, formal operational period
Industry vs. inferiority
- Age six to puberty
- The challenge to function socially is extended beyond the family to a broader social realm
Sensorimotor period
- (birth to age 2)
- Coordination of sensory input and motor responses
