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2ND SEM BIOCHEMISTRY > Biochemistry Of Digestion - Dr. Estuart > Flashcards

Biochemistry Of Digestion - Dr. Estuart Flashcards

1
Q

Food is broken down into smaller compounds for absorption by the intestines

A

Digestion

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2
Q

Uptake of products of digestion by enterocytes and their delivery to blood or lymph

A

Absorption

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3
Q

Regulated by the nervous system, hormones, and paracrine factors

A

Digestion and absorption

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4
Q

Food is physically broken down into smaller fragments

A

Mechanical digestion

  • Chewing (mouth), churning (stomach), segmentation (small intestine)
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5
Q

Enzyme-mediated, hydrolysis process that breaks down large macronutrients into smaller molecules.

A

Chemical digestion

  • Hydrolysis, digestive enzymes
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6
Q

Macronutrient for AMYLASE

A

Carbohydrates

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7
Q

Macronutrient for PROTEASE

A

Proteins

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8
Q

Macronutrient for LIPASE

A

Fat

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9
Q

All digestive enzymes are ___________.

A

Hydrolyases

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10
Q

Any chemical reaction in which a molecule of water ruptures one or more chemical bonds.

A

Hydrolysis

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11
Q

Low weight for height

A

Wasting

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12
Q

Low height for age

A

Stunting

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13
Q

Low weight for age

A

Underweight

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14
Q

A glucose-polymer cleavage enzyme

A

Salivary amylase

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15
Q

Comprises a small portion of the total amylase excreted

A

Salivary amylase

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16
Q

Breaks down starch

A

Salivary amylase

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17
Q

Begins carbohydrate digestion

A

Salivary amylase

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18
Q

Alpha 1-4

A

Amylose

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19
Q

Alpha 1-6

A

Amylopectin

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20
Q

Amylose a(1-4) undergo HYDROLYSIS:

A

Dextrins
Maltose
Maltotriose
Glucose

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21
Q

Begins fat digestion

A

Lingual lipase

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22
Q

Digests triglycerides into diglycerides and free fatty acids

A

Lingual lipase

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23
Q

Catalytic triad of lingual phase:

A

aspartate
histidine
serine

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24
Q

Triacylglycerol undergo hydrolysis:

A

Diacylglycerols Fatty acids

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25
Q

Role in digestion is conduit

A

Esophagus

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26
Q

(+) mechanical digestion “churning”

A

Stomach

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27
Q

_______ stops action of salivary amylase

A

Low pH

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28
Q

Is there a chemical digestion in the stomach?

A

No.

*NO chemical digestion in the stomach

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29
Q

Mechanical breakdown is ongoing in ___________

A

Stomach

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30
Q

Strong peristaltic contractions of the stomach mix the carbohydrates into the more uniform mixture of chyme (__________)

A

Homogenization

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31
Q

Proteins have to be _________ to make them more accessible to proteases

A

denatured

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32
Q

Inactive precursor to an enzyme

A

Zymogens / Proenzymes

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33
Q

Prevent auto-digestion

A

Zymogens or proenzymes

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34
Q

Protein Digestion begins in the _________.

A

Stomach

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35
Q

From parietal cells

A

HCl

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36
Q

From chief cells

A

Pepsin

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37
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Lipids

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38
Q

Limited surface area for enzyme action

A

Lipids

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39
Q

Large lipid globules are broken down into several small lipid globules

A

Emulsification

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40
Q

Digests short and medium-chain fatty acids

A

Lingual phase or gastric lipase

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41
Q

Stomach can absorb some substances:

A

Aspirin

Alcohol

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42
Q

breaking down of food into smaller compounds for absorption

A

Digestion

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43
Q

uptake of products of digestion by enterocytes and their delivery to blood or lymph

A

Absorption

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44
Q

Macronutrients are broken down into their oligomers, dimers, or monomers through ____________.

A

Hydrolysis

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45
Q

____________ digestion begins in the mouth due to salivary amylase.

A

Carbohydrate

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46
Q

_________ digestion begins in the stomach, with denaturation by HCl then hydrolysis by pepsin, into peptides and free amino acids

A

Protein

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47
Q

_________ digestion begins in the mouth due to lingual lipase, and is further digested by gastric lipase into diglycerides and free fatty acids

A

Lipid

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48
Q

Liver produces __________.

A

Bile

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49
Q

Bile stored and concentrated in the _________.

A

Gallbladder

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50
Q

Enzyme production

A

Bile and CCK

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51
Q

Bicarbonate-rich fluid

A

Secretin

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52
Q

Uses ATP, Proteins as pumps, Lower to higher concentration

A

Active transport

53
Q

Higher to lower concentration

A

Passive diffusion

54
Q

Higher to lower concentration using a carrier protein in cell membrane

A

Facilitated diffusion

55
Q

Uses movement of one molecule from Higher to lower to power movement of another from lower to higher

A

Co-transport/Secondary active transport

56
Q

Cell membrane engulfs material, uses ATP

A

Endocytosis

57
Q

Lactase activity falls __________.

A

after weaning

58
Q

Lactose remains in the intestinal lumen and becomes a substrate for bacterial fermentation.

A

Lactose intolerance or lactase deficiency

59
Q

Abdominal discomfort, diarrhea, congenital or acquired

A

Lactose intolerance or lactase deficiency

60
Q

Two mechanisms for absorption of monosaccharides in the small intestine:

A

SGLT1

GLUT 5

61
Q

Exit from the cell for all sugars

A

GLUT2

62
Q

Glucose and Galactose

A

SGLT1 transport protein

63
Q

Secondary active transport (Na dependent)

A

SGLT1 transport protein

64
Q

Duodenum and Jejunum

A

SGLT1 transport protein

65
Q

Fructose, Glucose, Galactose via facilitated diffusion

A

GLUT5

66
Q

Sodium independent

A

GLUT5

67
Q

Down their concentration gradient

A

GLUT5

68
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

GLUT2

69
Q

All sugars

A

GLUT2

70
Q

Bloodstream —> Portal vein —> Systemic circulation

A

GLUT2

71
Q

Increase in blood glucose after a test dose of a carbohydrate compared with that after an equivalent amount of glucose

A

Glycemic index

72
Q

Food with _____ glycemic index is beneficial in DM

A

Low

  • Prevents rapid rise in blood glucose
  • Prevents rapid fluctuations in insulin secretion
73
Q

Hydrolyze peptide bonds between specific amino acids

A

Endopeptides

  • Pepsin, Trypsin, Chymotrypsin, Elastase
74
Q

Hydrolyze peptide bonds from the ends of peptides

A

Exopeptidases

75
Q

Carboxypeptidases

A

Pancreas

76
Q

Aminopeptidases

A

Small intestine

77
Q

Tripeptidases

A

Small intestine

78
Q

Dipeptidase

A

Small intestine

79
Q

Pepsin product

A

Peptide fragments

80
Q

Trypsin / chymotrypsin

A

Dipeptides

81
Q

Exopeptidases

A

Amino acids

82
Q

Diacylglycerols product:

A

2 Monoacylglycerols

Fatty acids

83
Q

Derivative of cholesterol

A

Bile

84
Q

Amphipathic

A

Bile

85
Q

Contain both hydrophobic (lipid soluble) and polar (water soluble) faces

A

Bile

86
Q

Emulsification of lipids —> increased surface area for lipases

A

Bile

87
Q

Solubilization and transport of lipids in an aqueous environment

A

Bile

88
Q

Lipid absorption occur in two phases:

  1. Monoglycerides and free fatty acids emulsified by bile, forming micelles, absorbed by the cell, forming __________
A

Chylomicrons

89
Q

Lipid absorption occur in two phases:

______________ directly enter the cell.

A

Short and Medium-chain fatty acids

90
Q

Cholelithiasis

A

Gallbladder stones

91
Q

Most common gallbladder stones:

A

cholesterol gallstones

92
Q

Bile supersaturation in cholesterol

A

Gallbladder stones

93
Q

Can cause obstruction of biliary tract, complications

A

Gallbladder stones

  • Treatment: Surgery
94
Q

Released from food during digestion and the Availability depends on the type of food

A

Vitamins and minerals

95
Q

Fat-soluble vitamins (ADEK) are absorbed in lipid micelles with fat digestion via ____________.

A

simple diffusion

96
Q

Water-soluble vitamins and most mineral salts are absorbed from the SI by __________ or _________ followed by binding to intracellular proteins

A

active transport or facilitated diffusion

97
Q

Vitamin B12

A

Intrinsic factor

98
Q

Dependent on Vitamin D

A

Calcium

99
Q

Zinc-binding ligand secreted by exocrine pancreas

A

Zinc

100
Q

Limited absorption

A

Iron

101
Q

Required for intestinal absorption of calcium

A

Vitamin D

102
Q

Intracellular calcium-binding protein

A

Calbindin

103
Q

Induced by Vitamin D

A

Calbindin

104
Q

Recruits calcium transports to the cell surface

A

Calbindin

105
Q

Increases calcium absorption rapidly

A

Calbindin

106
Q

Site of absorption in vitamin B12

A

Ileum

107
Q

Requirement for vitamin B12 absorption

A

Intrinsic factor

108
Q

Protein secreted by parietal cells in the stomach

A

Intrinsic factor

109
Q

Lack of vitamin B12 absorption

A

Pernicious anemia

110
Q

A gylcoprotein of M.W 4500

A

Intrinsic factor

111
Q

Vit. B12 combine with intrinsic factor forming a complex that resist digestion by GIT enzymes. This complex is absorbed at terminal ileum by ____________

A

Pinocytosis

112
Q

Vitamin B12 is transported to the ________ where it is stored.

A

Liver

113
Q

Released Vit B12 from Protein by _______ and _______.

A

HCl and Pepsin

114
Q

Vitamin B12 binds to ___________

A

Cobalophilin

115
Q

Cobalophilin hydrolyzed in __________, releasing Vit B12

A

Duodenum

116
Q

Vit B12 is bound to Intrinsic Factor and absorbed in __________.

A

terminal ileum

117
Q

Products of nucleic acid digestion:

A

pentose sugars
nitrogenous bases
phosphate ions

118
Q

Nucleic acids are transported by carriers across the villi via ____________.

A

active transport

119
Q

Alcohol is _____ absorbed in the small intestine and _____ in the stomach.

A

80%

20%

120
Q

Slower absorption when stomach is full.

A

Alcohol

121
Q

Approximately 5 feet long

A

Large intestine

122
Q

Processing chyme after most nutrients are absorbed in the small intestine

A

Large intestine

123
Q

3 Primary functions of large intestine:

A

Absorbing water and electrolytes Producing and absorbing vitamins,
Forming and propelling feces toward the rectum for elimination

124
Q

Water diffuses in response to an _____________ established by the absorption of electrolytes.

A

osmotic gradient

125
Q

Fat soluble vitamin

A

Vitamin K

126
Q

Important role in the production of clotting factors to prevent bleeding

A

Vitamin K

127
Q

Babies born with low levels of Vitamin K

A

Hemorrhagic Disease of the Newborn

128
Q

Absence of the bacterial intestinal flora normally responsible for the synthesis of vitamin K

A

Hemorrhagic Disease of the Newborn

2ND SEM BIOCHEMISTRY (33 decks)

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