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Physiology > Homeostasis and Transport > Flashcards

Homeostasis and Transport Flashcards

1
Q

Na+ extracellular fluid

A

142 mEq/L

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2
Q

Na+ intracellular fluid

A

10 mEq/lL

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3
Q

K+ extracellular fluid

A

4 mEq/L

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4
Q

K+ intracellular fluid

A

140 mEq/L

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5
Q

Cl- extracellular fluid

A

103 mEq/L

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6
Q

Cl- intracellular fluid

A

4 mEq/L

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7
Q

does not require energy and may require a channel protein or a carrier protein

A

Diffusion (passive transport)

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8
Q

factors that alter diffusion rate

A

membrane permeability
concentration difference (chemical force)
electrical potential (chemical force)
pressure

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9
Q

simple diffusion has which 2 types of channels

A

voltage gated and ligand gated

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10
Q

Voltage channel Na+ channels has which gates

A

TWO GATES
Resting -70 mV
activation: channel depolarized to -55-+35 mV to allow Na+ to enter the cell
inactivation: inside channel closes from +35 to -70 mV to stop Na+ from entering the cell

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11
Q

Voltage gated K+ channels has which gates

A

ONE gate
Resting: -70 mV
Slow activation: membrane depolarizes to +35 to -70 mV to allow K+ to leave the cell
(Na+ channels remain closed)

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12
Q

receptor operated ion channel that induces a conformational change

A

Ligand-gated receptor channel

  • acetylcholine bind a receptor on the cell membrane and induces a conformational change and ions can then go through the channel
  • sodium and potassium can go through the same channels
  • ligan gated G-protein coupled ion channels
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13
Q

facilitated diffusion

A
  • moves from area of high concentration to low concentration

- requires a transport protein to induce a conformational change to enter through the channel

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14
Q

how is facilitated diffusion determined?

A

Vmax-maximum rate of diffusion

-concentration and rate of movement of carrier molecules across the channel

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15
Q

movement of molecules against the concentration gradient. Requires energy & carrier protein

A

active transport

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16
Q

what is the source of energy in primary active transport

A

ATP
EX. Na+/K+ pump
Ca++ pump
H+ pump

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17
Q

uses energy of one solute moving with the concentration gradient (created previously with primary active transport) to move another substance against the concentration gradient

A

secondary active transport

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18
Q

both ions move in the same direction

A

cotransporters (symport)

Ex. Glucose and Na+ entering cell in secondary active transport

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19
Q

both ions move in different directions

A

exchangers (antiport)

Ex. K+ and Na+ in primary active transport- uses ATP

20
Q

uses a gradient of one molecule to move another against the concentration gradient but in opposite directions

A

exchangers or antiport (counter-transport)

21
Q

solvent moving from an area of high solvent concentration to an area of low solvent concentration across a semi-permeable membrane

A

osmosis

22
Q

pressure required to maintain an equilibrium with no net movement of solvent

A

osmotic pressure

23
Q
  • water can move; ions cannot

- movement determined by molar concentration of solute

A

semi-permeable membrane

24
Q

moles of solute per liter of solution

A

molarity

25
Q

osmoles of solute per liter of solution

A

osmolarity

26
Q

the minimum pressure which needs to be applied to a solution to prevent the inward flow of its pure solvent across a semipermeable membrane

A

osmotic pressure

27
Q

how is osmotic pressure determined?

A

by the NUMBER of particles; not the size

28
Q

what happens when a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution?

A

water will rush out of the cell

  • the solution has a greater solute concentration (hyper osmotic) compared to the inside of the cell
  • cell is shriveled
  • move from low solute inside the cell to high solute outside the cell
29
Q

what happens when a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution?

A

water will rush into the cell

  • the solution has a lesser solute concentration (hypo osmotic) compared to the inside of the cell
  • cell is lysed
  • high solute outside the cell and low solute inside the cell
30
Q

a solution that has the same solute concentration as the inside of the cell

A

isotonic solution

-normal cell

31
Q

1 M of glucose has how many osmoles or particles?

A

one

32
Q

1 M of NaCl has how many osmoles or particles?

A

two

33
Q

1 M of CaCl2 has how many osmoles or particles?

A

three

34
Q

what is the normal osmolality inside and outside the cell for an isotonic solution?

A

280-310 mOsm/L

35
Q

in a normal cell of the body, intracellular concentrations of sodium, calcium, and chloride are ___ than extracellular concentrations

A

less

36
Q

potassium has a __ intracellular concentration compared to its extracellular concentration

A

higher

37
Q

what is not rate limited by Vmax?

A

simple diffusion- linear

38
Q

Ouabain-sensitive transport of Na+ ions from the cyto- sol to the extracellular fluid is what kind of transport?

A

Primary active transport

  • Ouabain inhibits Na+, K+, ATPase.
  • ATP dependent enzyme that transports 3 Na+ out of the cell for every 2 K+ enzymes into the cell
39
Q

glucose uptake into skeletal muscle is what kind of transport?

A

Facilitated diffusion

-insulin dependent

40
Q

Na+-dependent transport of Ca++ from the cytosol to the extracellular fluid is what kind of transport?

A

Counter-transport

-aka secondary active transport

41
Q

Movement of Na+ ions into a nerve cell during the up- stroke of an action potential is what kind of transport?

A

Simple diffusion
-During the rapid depolarization phase of a nerve action potential, voltage-sensitive Na+ channels open and allow the influx of Na+ ions into the cytosol. Trans- port through membrane channels is an example of simple diffusion.

42
Q

moves fluid and gases

A

circulation

43
Q

fluid to interstitial space and into and out of cells; gas from extracellular fluid and into and out of cells; ions and molecules from high to low concentration gradient

A

diffusion

44
Q

movement of ions/ molecules through channels or transporters into and out of cell; pumping of molecules against a concentration gradient;

A

transport

- includes both passive and active

45
Q

a physiological change leads to an even greater change in the same direction

A

positive feedback

46
Q

the body senses a change and activates mechanisms to reverse that change

A

negative feedback

47
Q

what is the charge outside the cell?

inside the cell?

A

outside the cell has more positive charges

inside the cell has more negative charges

Physiology (6 decks)

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