Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Physiology > Cardiac Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Cardiac Lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the equation for stroke volume

A

EDV-ESV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is the equation for EF

A

SV/ EDV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

equation for cardiac output

A

HR x SV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what does pre-load refer to?

A

amount of blood returned to the heart/ the amount eh ventricles are stretched

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what does afterload refer to?

A

the amount of arterial pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

does cardiac output increase or decrease with age?

A

decrease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is the normal cardiac output for men?

A

5.6 L/min

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is the normal cardiac output for a woman?

A

4.9 L/min

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is the max cardiac output for an average person?

A

15-20 L/min (3X increase)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

does max HR increase or decrease in old age?

A

decrease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

equation for HR based on age

A

220-age = HR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is the gold standard to measure cardiac output

A

echocardiography

-measures SV by measuring blood flow through left ventricular outflow tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is swan Ganz pulmonary wedge pressure

A
  • measures cardiac output
  • catheter in pulmonary artery and occludes vessel
  • equal to left atrial pressure
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

the Fick Principle

A
  • measures cardiac output

- VCO2/ (Ca02-Cv02)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

the role of angiotensin II

A
  • circulating hormone
  • induce the release of Ca2+ in cardiac myocytes
  • facilitates the release of NE from nerve terminals
  • positive inotropic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

the role of thyroid hormones

A
  • regulate metabolism

- positive chronotropic and inotropic effects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

the role of insulin

A
  • increases the uptake of glucose

- positive inotropic effects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

the role of glucagon

A
  • increases blood glucose

- chronotropic (increases cAMP) and inotropic effects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what effect does hypokalemia have on the cardiac myocyte cells

A

low extracellular K+ increases the gradient so intracellular K+ will want to move out of the cell quicker

  • inside of the cell becomes more negative as positive charge leaves
  • HYPERPOLARIZATION of the cell membrane, makes harder to get an action potential
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what effect does hyperkalemia have on cardiac contraction

A
  • high extracellular K+ decreases the gradient and causes DEPOLARIZATION
  • muscle weakness from inadequate action potential
  • blocks conduction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what vessels serve as reservoirs for blood

A
  1. pulmonary circulation

2. veins, venues, and venous sinus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what tissues does an artery have

A
  1. fibrous tissue
  2. elastic tissue
    - both expand and contract rapidly
  3. endothelium: to secrete nitric oxide
  4. smooth muscle: to constrict and vasodilate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what tissues does the arteriole have

A
  1. endothelium
  2. smooth muscle
    - major function is to constrict and dilate
    - lot of smooth muscle and surface area to change blood flow to different tissues
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

tissues of a capillary

A
  1. endothelium

- gas exchange; allows one RBC to pass at a time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

tissues of a venule

A
  1. endothelium

2. fibrous tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

tissues of a vein

A

similar to arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what dictates flow and resistance of where the blood goes

A

arterioles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what is CO equation for flow

A

Change in pressure / resistance

MABP- CVP/ SVR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

systolic and diastolic pressure in the aorta

A

120/5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

pressure in the systemic capillaries

A

17

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

central venous pressure

A

2= right atrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

systolic and diastolic pressure in the right ventricle

A

25/1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

systolic and diastolic pressures in pulmonary arteries

A

25/8

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

pressure in pulmonary capillaries

A

7

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

pressure in pulmonary veins

A

2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

what will happen to MABP if there is an increase in resistance but CO stays the same?

A

MABP will increase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

what will happen to MABP if you increase CO with the same resistance?

A

MABP will increase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

what two things effect pulse pressure

A
  1. stroke volume
    - the greater the SV the greater the PP
  2. Compliance
    - the less the compliance the greater the PP (systolic pressure)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

equation for vascular compliance

A

change in volume/ change in pressure

40
Q

does MABP increase or decrease with age?

A

increase

41
Q

what is general term for hardening of the arteries

A

arteriosclerosis

42
Q

4 side effects of arteriosclerosis

A
  1. loss of compliance (hardening of arteries)
  2. destroys endothelium ( reduces nitric oxide)
  3. increase in systolic pressure (increase in afterload)
  4. leads to hypertrophy and hypertension
43
Q

the most common form of arteriosclerosis

A

atheroslerosis

-plaque in arteries

44
Q

the volume that passes a given point over time

A

flow rate ( how much)

45
Q

distance the volume of blood will travel in time

A

velocity of flow (how fast)

46
Q

equation for velocity

A

flow rate/ cross sectional area

- the narrower the vessel the faster the velocity of flow

47
Q

is velocity of flow proportional or inversely proportional to to cross sectional area

A

inversely proportional to cross sectional area

-the bigger the cross sectional area, the slower the velocity of flow

48
Q

what has the biggest cross sectional area

A

capillaries

-good thing, allows more time for gas exchange

49
Q

what has the slowest velocity of flow

A

capillaries

50
Q

what has the fastest velocity of flow

A

aorta

51
Q

3 things that determine resistance

A
  1. length of the tube
  2. viscosity of fluid
  3. radius of the tube (biggest factor)
52
Q

blood flow in series

A

R= R1 + R2 = R3

53
Q

branching of blood vessels forms ____ circuit

A

parallel
R= 1/ (1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3)
-less resistance, more flow

54
Q

_____ are arranged in parallel

A

arterioles

55
Q

the flow through individual arterioles is dependent on _____

A

resistance

56
Q

increased resistance = _____ flow to that arteriole

A

decreased

57
Q

blood is diverted from ___ resistance arterioles to ____ resistance arterioles

A

high, low

-sympathetics can shunt blood away to other organs

58
Q

arterioles control blood flow in ___ regions

A

local

59
Q

total blood flow of all the arterioles in the body is always equal to

A

cardiac output

60
Q

blood flow to individual tissues is possible because arterioles are arranged in

A

parallel

61
Q

increase in metabolic products during tissue metabolism that induces vasodilation and increases blood flow

A

metabolic (active) hyperemia

-autoregulation

62
Q

will get ___ blood flow to an area of higher metabolism

A

more

63
Q

5 vasodilators produces with increased tissue metabolism

A
  1. CO2
  2. K+
  3. adenosine
  4. H+ (acidosis)
  5. phosphates
64
Q

as arterial oxygen saturation decreases, blood flow will _____

A

increase

65
Q

method of auto regulation of blood flow that causes endothelial cells to release NO and induce vasodilation

A

shear stress

66
Q

vasoconstriction; released by endothelium

A

endothelin

67
Q

vasoconstriction; secreted by posterior pituitary

A

vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone)

68
Q

mostly vasoconstriction; released by platelets; intestine

A

seretonin

69
Q

vasoconstriction; released by platelets; smooth muscle

A

thromboxane

70
Q

vasodilation; released by endothelial cells

A

prostacyclin; PGI2

71
Q

vasodilation; in blood plasma; released during inflammation

A

bradykinin

72
Q

vasodilation; released during inflammation; allergies by mast cells

A

histamine

73
Q

vasodilation; released by heart during stretch

A

ANP and BNP

74
Q

what is the biggest dictator of blood flow in the heart

A

metabolism ( metabolic hyperemia)

75
Q

3 things that alter coronary blood flow

A
  1. contraction
  2. metabolism
  3. neuronal control (alpha and beta receptors)
76
Q

the carotid sinus has baroreceptors associated with _____nerve

A

glossopharyngeal

77
Q

the aortic arch has baroreceptors associate with the ____ nerve

A

vagus

78
Q

where do the baroreceptors travel to signal what the blood pressure is

A

medulla

79
Q

when the blood pressure increases, the baroreceptors fire ____ action potentials

A

more

80
Q

these constantly send action potentials to the brain and alert the medulla what the blood pressure (MABP) is

A

baroreceptors

81
Q

what happens when you have a high BP sensed by the baroreceptors

A
  • sensed by baroreceptors in the carotid sinus and aortic arch
  • this increases firing in the glossopharyngeal nerve and vagus nerve
  • action potentials reach medulla
  • medulla sends a vagal efferent output to SA and AV node to decrease HR and decrease CO and decrease BP
  • inhibit sympathetics
82
Q

what happens when you have a low BP

A

same as high blood pressure but slow action potentials and medulla sends vagal efferent to SA and AV node to increase HR, increase CO, and increase BP
-inhibit parasympathetics

83
Q

condition when baroreceptors do not work properly

A

orthostatic hypotension

84
Q

2 long term regulations of BP

A
  1. antidiuretic hormone

2. RAAS system

85
Q

where is the antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin) released from?

A

posterior pituitary when you have low BP or low blood volume

86
Q

mechanism of antidiuretic hormone

A
  1. promotes water retention
    - kidneys excrete water and blood vessels reabsorb the water
  2. vasoconstriction
87
Q

mechanism of the RAAS system to raise BP

A
  1. low BP is sensed by kidneys
  2. increase renin production
  3. renin convertis angiotension (liver) to angiotension I
  4. in the prescence of ACE from the lung/ kidneys, angiotension I is converted to angiotension II
  5. angiotension II activates the sympathetic nervous system and cause Na+ reabsorption and water retention
  6. adrenal cortex secretes aldosterone that also helps with Na+ retention and water retention
  7. angiotension II induces vasoconstriction
  8. induces secretion of ADH from posterior pituitary to promote water reabsorption
88
Q

the best target for hypertension

A

RAAS system

89
Q

why does obesity correlate with hypertension

A

adipocytes carry angiotension, renin, angiotension I, and ACE— all necessary for aldosterone and Angiotension II to promote vasoconstriction and increase Na+ and water reabsorption

90
Q

atrial and brain natriuretic peptides

A

another mechanism for blood pressure regulation

91
Q

what natriuretic peptides increase as atria and ventricles stretch?

A

increase in ANP and BNP

92
Q

what natriuretic peptides should you look for in patients with heart failure

A

elevated ANP and BNP

93
Q

effects of elevated ANP and BNP

A
  1. decrease renin
  2. direct vasodilation
  3. increase in globular filtration rate
    = naturesis and diuresis (excrete salt and water)
    =decrease BP and blood volume
94
Q

response by kidneys from hemorrage

A

secrete renin and angiotension to induce vasoconstriction

95
Q

response by hormones released by the heart from hemorrage

A

decrease in ANP and BNP

96
Q

neural response by baroreceptors from hemorrage

A

baroreceptors tell the sympathetic nervous system to increase firing of action potentials and increase HR

97
Q

high blood pressure medications reduce the afterload or preload on the heart

A

afterload

Physiology (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions