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Biological Sciences > Cardiovascular biology > Flashcards

Cardiovascular biology Flashcards

1
Q

what does cardiovascular system consist of?

A

Heart and blood vessels

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2
Q

Where is the heart located?

A

Behind sternum ( almost in middle )
1/3 of heart lies to the right of the midline
Part of heart is covered by lungs - sits between lungs

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3
Q

How many pumps does the heart have

A

2 which distribute blood around
RHS - pumps blood to lung
LHS - pumps blood to body

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4
Q

How many layers are the walls of the heart divided into

A

3

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5
Q

What are the 3 layers that make up walls of the heart?

A
  • Endocardium - inner
  • Myocardium
  • Pericardium - outer
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6
Q

What is the function of pericardial fluid?

A

lubrication to reduce friction between the heart and the surrounding structures , and minimises the friction generated by heart as it contracts

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7
Q

What is the space between pericardium and epicardium

A

Filled with fluid - pericardial fluid

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8
Q

what is myocardium?

A

middle layer of heart which serves to pump oxygenated blood around body of wall of heart
Bulk of heart - 95%

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9
Q

what is pericardium?

A

Dense, fibrous sac which anchors heart in place but still allows movement
Tough connective tissue coat for protection - outer coat
pericardium produces pericardial fluid

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10
Q

what does inflammation of pericardium result in and what is it an example of

A 
Pericarditis 
Acquired defect ( developed after birth )
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11
Q

What happens in pericarditis

A

Heart has to beat against high resistance ( inflammation ) = stops pericardium producing pericardial fluid

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12
Q

What is pericarditis brought about by

A

Viruses, drugs or bacteria

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13
Q

What is endocardium

A
  • Smooth simple endothelium lining which ensures friction less flow of blood
  • Going into and coming out of the heart
  • Inner lining of heart
  • Protect valves and heart chambers
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14
Q

what are the four chambers of heart?

A

. right atrium
. right ventricle
. left atrium
. left ventricle

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15
Q

What is function of right atrium?

A

Receives deoxygenated blood from body and pumps to right ventricle

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16
Q

What is function of left atrium?

A

Receives oxygenated blood from lungs and pumps it to left ventricle

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17
Q

What is function of right ventricle ?

A

Pumps deoxygenated blood back to lungs

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18
Q

What is function of left ventricle ?

A

Pumps oxygenated blood to body

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19
Q

What does right side of heart do

A

Pumps blood to lungs - less force, myocardium smaller

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20
Q

What does left side of heart do

A

Pumps blood to whole body - more force, thicker

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21
Q

What are the 2 main vessels

A

Superior vena cava

Inferior vena cava

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22
Q

What does Superior Vena Cava do

A

Bringing in deoxygenated blood from head and neck

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23
Q

What does Inferior Vena Cava do

A

Bringing in deoxygenated blood from lower half of body

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24
Q

What does pulmonary circulation do

A

Circulation from heart to lungs and back

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25
Q

What does systemic circulation do

A

Circulation from heart to rest of body’s tissues and back

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26
Q

Which is smaller -right or left atrium

A

Left atrium

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27
Q

How many chambers does heart have

A

4

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28
Q

Describe what happens in the circulatory system?

A
  1. right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from body and pumps to right ventricle
  2. right ventricle contracts and pushes blood out of pulmonary arteries and deoxygenated blood goes to the lungs
  3. lung pick oxygenated blood and it comes back to left side of heart into left atrium
  4. left atrium receives oxygenated blood from lungs and pumps it to left ventricle
  5. left ventricle contracts and pumps oxygenated blood to the body via aorta
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29
Q

what are the 3 openings of the heart?

A

Superior vena cava
Inferior vena cava
Fossa ovalis

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30
Q

What is the function of fossa ovalis / coronary sinus?

A

Brings in deoxygenated blood from heart to right atrium

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31
Q

How does blood leave the heart via the aorta to the rest of body?

A
  1. deoxygenated blood arrives at the right atrium
  2. deoxygenated blood from heart comes to right atrium via fossa ovalis
  3. when right atrium is full of deoxygenated blood , tricuspid valve opens and lets blood into right ventricle
  4. right ventricle contracts and closes this valve
  5. another valve opens ( semi lunar valve)
  6. SL valve pushes blood out of pulmonary artery which takes blood to lung - picks up O2 - goes back to right atrium
  7. blood goes to lung and picks up oxygen
  8. oxygen comes back to right atrium
  9. left atrium contracts when full and opens bicuspid valve
  10. blood goes lo left ventricle
  11. left venticle contracts and open aorta
  12. oxygenated blood rushes out the aorta
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32
Q

Why is the left side of heart stronger than the right?

A

The left ventricle is much more developed than the one on the right.
This corresponds to the greater force needed to push blood through the systemic circulation

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33
Q

What is the function of the right and left coronary arteries?

A

They supply the heart muscle with oxygenated blood - enters aorta
Takes 5% of the hearts daily output - 380L a day

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34
Q

where do the right and left coronary artery branch from? and into what

A

The aorta

Branch into smaller blood vessels - into dense capillary network

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35
Q

what is the function of aorta?

A

The main artery that carries oxygenated blood from left ventricle to the heart

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36
Q

what are the two main types of valve in the heart?

A

. atrioventricular (AV) - mitral and bicuspid

. semi lunar - pulmonary and aortic

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37
Q

how many valves does the heart have?

A

4

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38
Q

What is the function of the 4 valves of the heart?

A

They are purely passive = not open and shut by muscles, respond to blood flow
and ensure blood flows around the heart in the correct direction

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39
Q

where is mitral AV located ?

A

Right of heart

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40
Q

where is bicuspid AV located ?

A

Left of heart between between atria and ventricle

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41
Q

What happens if right side of heart produces same force as left side

A

All blood is at high pressure to lungs, not good as lungs delicate

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42
Q

What % will die because of blockage in coronary circulation

A

70

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43
Q

Where is tricuspid valve found

A

Right side, AV valve

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44
Q

What happens if AV valves weren’t attached in any way

A

When ventricle contracts, they will blow valves straight back into atria

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45
Q

How many times do AV valves open and close

A

2/3 billion

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46
Q

When oxygenated blood comes out of aorta where does it go

A

Aorta

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47
Q

what does semilunar valve consist of and what does it do

A

3.5 moon shaped cusps ( of connective tissue )

Guard exits of heart - forms seal

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48
Q

Describe the action of semilunar valve?

A
  1. when ventricle is full of blood , ventricle contracts = SL valves open
  2. pressure rises , blood is pushed up against semilunar valve forcing them open
  3. ventricles relax , blood flows back down due to gravity, pressure falls , blood flows back from arteries, filling cups of semilunar valve forcing them to close
  4. semilunar valve stops blood falling back to ventricle
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49
Q

What are valves flattened against

A

Walls of aorta

50
Q

What happens to semilunar valves when ventricles contract and relax?

A

ventricles contract - valve open

ventricles relax- valve close

51
Q

What are AV valve ?

A

Flaps of connective tissue which open and shut

52
Q

Describe the action of AV valve?

A
  1. atrium contracts
  2. AV valve open and blood comes into ventricle
  3. ventricle contracts - valve shut - blood doesnt flow back into atria
53
Q

What happens when AV valve opens

A
  • Blood returning to heart fills atria = pressure against AV valves - AV valves open
  • As ventricles fill, AV valves flap hang simply intro ventricles
  • Atria contracts, forcing additional blood into ventricles
54
Q

What happens when AV valve closes

A
  • Ventricles contract forcing blood against AV valves cusps
  • AV valves close
  • Papillary muscle contracts and chordae tendineae tighten preventing valve from entering into atria
55
Q

What are the muscles attached to AV valves

A

Tendons

56
Q

What is chordae tendineae

A

Attached to pupillary muscles, part of myocardium

57
Q

Function of chordae tendineae

A
  • hold AV valve in place

. Puts tension on AV valves during ventricular contraction to stop eversion via tendons

58
Q

what is the main difference between AV valve and semilunar valve?

A

. AV valve have muscle in them

chordae tendinae which are attached to papillary muscle

59
Q

What is meant by luvduv sounds

A 
Lub = AV valves close  
Dub = SL valves close
60
Q

what are examples of valve defects?

A

. Stenosis

. Regurgitation

61
Q

What happens if lubdub sounds not right

A

Problems with valves

62
Q

What is Stenosis

A

Narrowing of valves - don’t open wide enough

63
Q

What is Regurgitation

A

Valve doesn’t shut properly

64
Q

What can you do solve valve defects?

A

Defective valve can be replaced by using a mechanical valve cause they’re passive.
- Valve replacement surgery - replace with hinged bit of plastic

65
Q

What are the similarities between skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle?

A

Both are striated

Both generate a lot of force

66
Q

What are the differences between skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle?

A
  1. Skeletal muscle fibres have several peripheral nuclei , cardiac fibres have only one single central nucleus
  2. Skeletal muscle fibres don’t branch . cardiac fibres branch
  3. Cardiac muscles are joined by gap junctions ( intercalated disc ) forming syncitium
67
Q

Why are cardiac muscles joined by gap junctions and branched

A

For rapid conduction of action potential - spread rapidly throughout heart

68
Q

what is syncitium ?

A

Sheet of muscle where individual cells are connected by gap junctions
Each muscle sheet is syncitium

69
Q

How many syncitia does cardiac muscle form ?

A

Two……
One around the atria and another around the ventricles
These are only joined by the bundle of his

70
Q

How many sheets of muscle over heart

A

2

71
Q

What does cardiac muscle contain ?

A

Myoglobin, many mitochondria

72
Q

How is cardiac muscle described

A

Amitotic

73
Q

What are the two phases of cardiac cycle?

A

. Diastole ( relaxation )

. Systole ( contraction )

74
Q

What happens in the two phases of cardiac cycle?

A
  1. Blood flows into atria until full - AV valves shut - 72 times a minute ( AV valve shut )
  2. AV valve opens when atria full and 70% of blood leaves atria passively intro ventricles by gravity
  3. Remaining blood is squeezed out by atria contracting ( 30% )
  4. Ventricles contract closing AV valves = so blood not back into atria
  5. Semilunar valves open and blood leaves ventricles
  6. ventricles relax , and flow of blood shuts semilunar valve
75
Q

How many times does heart have to contract in a lifetime

A

3 billion times

76
Q

What system controls the heart?

A

The heart is under the control of ANS
Sympathetic system speed it up - a.p to heart = contracts
Parasympathetic system slows it down

77
Q

How is the basic rhythm of the heart initiated?

A

The heart is myogenic meaning it generates its own action potential so the basic rhythm of the heart is initiated within the heart itself independent of ANS

78
Q

What is meant by myogenic

A

Generate its own action potential - so brain doesnt have to tell heart to contract - so heart still beats when taken out of body

79
Q

How is the myogenic rhythm of the heart maintained?

A

By the Specialised excitatory and conductive muscle system - in heart

80
Q

What are all parts of this specialised excitatory and conductive muscle system

A

Modified cardiac muscle and lie amongst the myocardium

81
Q

what are the parts that make up the specialised excitatory and conductive muscle system?

A

. SA node (pace maker) - this is where action potential is generated
. SA node is connected to atrioventricular node
. atrioventricular node is connected to bundle of his which bridges the gap between muscle sheet of atria and ventricle
. Bundle of his splits into 2 purkinje fibres ( down middle of ventricles and up outside ) which go down central septum between two ventricles

82
Q

What is the function of the specialised excitatory and conductive muscle system?

A

Ensure initiation of each cardiac contraction

and proper coordination of each cardiac cycle

83
Q

What is structure of Specialised and conductive muscle system

A
  • Below opening in rear wall of heart is superior vena cava
  • Below opening of superior vena cava is PACEMAKER - SINOATRIAL NODE
  • SA node attached to ATRIOVENTRICULAR NODE - connected to BUNDLE OF HIS
84
Q

How long and side is Sinoatrial node

A

3mm wide and 1cm long

85
Q

What is function of Bundle of His

A

Bundle of his connects/bridges gap of atrial muscle sheet to ventricular muscle sheet

86
Q

Where is action potential generated

A

Pacemaker - SA node

87
Q

What does the action potential lead to

A

Cardiac contraction

88
Q

How does the inside of the SA node become more positive and reach threshold to fire action potential?

A

The SA node is leaky to sodium , it thus depolarises slowly ( by about 15mv ) , reaches threshold, inside more + and initiates action potential without external nervous output

89
Q

how does heart beat independent of ANS ?

A

SA node is leaky to Na ions ( opens Na ions channels )

90
Q

Describe what happens once action potential has been initiated at SA node?

A
  1. action potential is generated at SA node by being leaky to sodium ions
  2. action potential spreads throughout atria ( due to branching and intercalated discs) causing them to depolarise and gets to AV node and bundle of his
  3. action potential is delayed at the AV node and bundle of his - makes sure atria contracts before ventricles
  4. ventricles contract when action potential spreads along purkinje fibres
91
Q

Why is action potential slowed down at bundle of his?

A

Action potential is delayed by 0.1 sec at bundle of his to ensure atria contracts before ventricles .
this happens because bundle of his have small diameter so action potential takes a longer . time to get through them

92
Q

How does inside of SA node become positive

A
  • Leaky to Na+
  • Na+ into SA node as it wants to go into neuron
  • Depolarises = reaches threshold
  • Action potential which spreads rapidly throughout 2 atria as cardiac muscle branches and connected via junctions
93
Q

Why is heart beat independent of nervous system

A

SA node is leakly to Na+ ions

94
Q

What is function of SA node

A

Depolarises = sends a.p throughout 2 atria

95
Q

Where is the only place atria muscle sheet and ventricular muscle sheet connected

A

AV node and Bundle of His

96
Q

How does cardiac cycle function

A

Atria has to contract before ventricles

97
Q

Why do the cells of Bundle of His have a smaller diameter

A

Makes sure a.p is delayed so atria contracts before ventricles

98
Q

Examples of Pathology in the excitatory/conductive system

A
  • Cardiac arrhythmias
  • Ectopic pacemakers
  • Heart block
  • Ventricular fibrulation
99
Q

What do defects in this system result in and what are the two examples

A

Cardiac arrhythmias ( heart beats too slowly or quickly )
. bradycardia < 60 bpm ( heart is too slow )
. tachycardia > 100 bpm ( heart is too fast )

100
Q

What is meant by ectopic pacemaker

A

When another part of system takes over from the SA node as pace maker
‘ ectopic = out of place ‘

101
Q

What happens during a heart block

A

There is a complete break in the system ( bundle of his - thin fibres - delicate ) = atria and ventricles beat independently/separately

102
Q

What is ventricular fibrillation?

A

Series of very high frequency uncoordinated contractions > 300 bpm where the heart has been likened to a ‘ writing bag of worms ‘ - whole system breaks down

103
Q

How many american people does ventricular fibrillation kill every year

A

300,000

104
Q

What is example of ectopic pacemaker

A

Ectopic pregnancy - embryo develops in Falopian tube

105
Q

What happens if heart attack near SA node

A

It becomes non -functional or other parts of system e.g. Purkynje fibres become hyperleaky to Na+ = another part of system takes over

106
Q

How can arrhythmias be fixed ?

A

Artificial pacemakers - battery operated devices that are implanted into thoracic cavity - have leads that go into heart and generate required depolarisation ( 72 times every minute )

107
Q

How is the heart controlled by the ANS ?

A

The heart can be slowed by turning sympathetic supply off and by turning parasympathetic system on - control heart by altering Na+/K+ permeability

108
Q

How does PNS control the heart

A

Via vagus nerve - Ach causes increase in potassium permeability causing the heart to slow down

109
Q

How does SNS control the nervous system?

A

Nor-adrenalin increases sodium permeability so heart speeds up

110
Q

How does vagus nerve slow down heart

A

Releases Ach onto SAN = makes it more leaky to K+ = leaks out of SAN = more negative = further away from threshold

111
Q

what is ECG

A

Recording representation of electrical conductivity of heart recorded at body surface

112
Q

what does the gap between P and Q wave mean in ECG ?

A

Time difference between atria and ventricle contracting - how long it takes a.p to get through Bundle of His

113
Q

what does S-T mean in ECG ?

A

How long is ventricle contraction

114
Q

how is heart block presented in ECG ?

A

Some P waves are not transmitted . thus QRS and T waves are not present = a.p in atrium but not ventricles

115
Q

how is congenital long QT syndrome presented in ECG ?

A

Genetic defect causing sodium channels to stay open

. distance from Q - T is long meaning ventricles stay contracted longer than they should

116
Q

How many bits is ECG made of

A

3

117
Q

P wave

A

Atrium contracting

118
Q

Q wave

A

Ventricle contracting - how long it takes action potential to get through bundle of his

119
Q

T wave

A

Ventricle relaxing

120
Q

What happens during QRS complex

A

Bigger wave - ventricle contracts

121
Q

What happens during variable QT interval

A

Ventricles contracted at varying amounts

Biological Sciences (27 decks)

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