Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biochemistry > Diabetes > Flashcards

Diabetes Flashcards

1
Q

What is diabetes mellitus?

A

the inability of the body to regulate blood glucose through insulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What type of diabetes is described by the following?

autoimmune; loss of insulin producing beta cells

genetically linked

juvenile onset

A

type I diabetes - insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What type of diabetes is described by the following?

insensitivity to insulin

lifestyle and genetics

adult onset, though becoming more prevalent in juveniles

A

type II diabetes - non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What type of diabetes is described by the following?

develops during pregnancy

fetus-induced changes in metabolist

A

gestational diabetes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

which cells in the pancreas release insulin and which release glucagon?

A
  • beta cells release insulin
  • alpha cells release glucagon
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what does the pancreas release in response to high blood glucose levels? what about low blood glucose levels?

A
  • high blood glucose levels
    • pancreas releases insulin
    • stimulus: glucose is absorbed after a meal
  • low blood glucose levels
    • panreas releases glucagon
    • stimulus: cells use or store glucose between meals
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

T or F:

type I and II diabetes have different causes, but the symptoms of uncontrolled disease are similar

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

describe the symptoms of type I diabetes

A
  • polyuria and thirst: ++
  • weakness or fatigue: ++
  • polyphagia and weight loss: ++
  • blurred vision: +
  • peripheral neuropathy: +
  • nocturnal enuresis: ++
  • Other signs include sweet smelling breath, sweet smelling urine, and impaired wound healing
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

describe the symptoms of type II diabetes

A
  • polyuria and thirst: +
  • weakness or fatigue: +
  • polyphagia and weight loss: -
  • blurred vision: ++
  • peripheral neuropathy: ++
  • nocturnal enuresis: -
  • Other signs include sweet smelling breath, sweet smelling urine, and impaired wound healing
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

in type I diabetes, the onset is typically ___

A

juvenile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

type I diabetes is a lack of ___ production

A

insulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

type I diabetes is a ___ disease that destroys ___ cells

A
  • genetic, autoimmune
  • beta
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

in type I diabetes, circulating ___ is absent

A

insulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

in type I diabetes, ___ is elevated at onset

A

plasma glucagon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

in type I diabetes, pancreatic beta cells fail to respond to ___ stimuli

A

insulinogenic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

in type I diabetes, insulin target tissues (liver, muscle, fat) fail to properly absorb ___

A

nutrients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

in type I diabetes, ___, ___, and ___ are released into and dysregulated within the blood stream

A

glucose, fats, and amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

in type I diabetes, improper fatty acid metabolism increases ___ production and release

A

ketone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

in type I diabetes, lack of insulin leads to what?

A

a dysregulated metabolic state of extreme fasting and starvation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

autoimmune targeting of ___ drives type I diabetes

A

beta cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

delta cells in the pancreas release ___

A

somatostatin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

___% of type I diabetes cases are immune-mediated, and ___% of cases are idiopathic

A
  • 95%
  • 5%
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

is the cause of type I diabetes known?

A

no, but there is a strong genetic predisposition and environmental triggers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

in insulin-dependent diabetes, a ___ cell recognizes peptides from a beta cell-specific protein and kills the ___

A
  • effector T cell
  • beta cell
  • …so the pancreas can still produce stomatostatin (delta cells) and glucagon (alpha cells), but can no longer produce insulin (no beta cells)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

describe loss of insulin signaling in type I diabetes

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

describe systemic mimicry of prolonged fasting in type I diabetes

A
27
Q

uncontrolled type I diabetes leads to ___

A

ketoacidosis

28
Q

describe how insulin deficiency can lead to coma and tachycardia?

A
29
Q

what type of therapy is required by type I diabetes?

A

insulin replacement therapy

30
Q

what are the three coordinated interventions used in insulin replacement therapy for type I diabetes?

A
  • insulin administration
  • glucose monitoring
  • diet
31
Q

describe insulin administration as a method of insulin replacement therapy for type I diabetes

A
  • discovered by frederick banting and charles best in 1921
  • required for survival
  • mimic normal insulin response to food
  • scaled use depending on blood sugar and diet
32
Q

describe glucose monitoring as an insulin replacement therapy for type I diabetes

A
  • glucometer or continuous interstitial fluid monitoring
  • allows correction for hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia
33
Q

describe diet as an insulin replacement therapy for type I diabetes

A
  • low CHO diet (35% or lower)
  • insulin administration is primarily scaled on CHO consumption
  • glycemic index affects blood sugar and insulin administration
34
Q

what is the goal of insulin administration?

A

maintain fasting blood glucose between 80 and 140 mg/dl

35
Q

what are 2 approaches of insulin administration?

A
  • injections
  • pump
36
Q

describe insulin injections

A
  • several injections per day
  • different insulin types per basal and bolus use
  • basal insulin maintains low-level systemic insulin
  • bolus insulin given when food is consumed
  • highly variable per individual, scaled to CHO consumption
37
Q

describe pumps as a form of insulin administration

A
  • single insulin type
  • continuous (basal) administration
  • basal insulin when food is consumed
  • scaled to consumption and activity
  • improved control over injections
38
Q

describe type II diabetes

A
  • insulin insensitivity
  • progressive increase in fasting glucose due to reduced insulin sensitivity followed by a degeneration of insulin production
39
Q

describe the progression of type II diabetes

A
40
Q

type II diabetes is a ___ disorder, and is the most ___ form of diabetes

A
  • heterogenous
  • prominent
41
Q

type II diabetes is closely tied to ___

A

obesity and visceral adiposity

42
Q

lifestyle factors play a prominent role in the development of which type of diabetes?

A

type II

43
Q

does type II diabetes have a strong genetic link?

A

yes

44
Q

there is a high incidence of type ___ diabetes in developed countries

A

II

45
Q

what are the 3 possible mechanisms of insensitivity in type II diabetes?

A
  • adipokine signaling
  • ectopic lipid storage and free fatty acids
  • inflammatory signaling
46
Q

___ may drive type II diabetes insulin insensitivity

A

adipose signaling

47
Q

describe how adipose signaling can drive type II diabetes insulin insensitivity

A
48
Q

what 3 things can manage type II diabetes?

A
  • lifestyle changes
  • oral hypoglycemics
  • insulin
49
Q

describe lifestyle changes as a type II diabetes management approach

A
  • reduced CHO and simple sugar consumption
  • prevent glucose swings
  • increase physical activity
  • maintain healthy body weight
50
Q

describe how oral hypoglycemics can be used to manage type II diabetes

A
  • increase insulin secretion
  • increase insulin sensitivity
  • decrease CHO absorption
51
Q

how is insulin used as a management approach for type II diabetes?

A

required when beta cell mass degenerates

52
Q

at what stages of type II diabetes can the 3 management approaches be effective?

A
53
Q

name 5 common type II drugs used to treat hyperglycemia

A
  • sulfonylureas
  • metformin
  • peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor agonists
  • alpha-glucosidase inhibitors
  • drug combinations
54
Q

describe how sulfonylureas can treat hyperglycemia

A
  • increase beta cell insulin secretion (secretagogues)
  • glipizide, glyburide, and glimepiride
55
Q

describe how metformin can treat hyperglycemia

A
  • uncouples oxidative phosphorylation, reducing liver gluconeogenesis and lipogenesis
  • AMPK signaling pathway
56
Q

describe how peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor agonists can treat hyperglycemia

A
  • increase glucose transporter expression
  • thiazolidinediones
57
Q

describe how alpha-glucosidase inhibitors can treat hyperglycemia

A
  • prevent CHO absoprtion
  • acarbose, miglitol
58
Q

what are the 5 primary methods used to detect diabetes?

A
  • urinalysis
  • glucose monitoring
  • HBA1c
  • glucose tolerance test
  • c-peptide test
59
Q

what is hypoglycemia?

A

low blood sugar

60
Q

how is hypoglycemia treated?

A
  • immediate sugar
  • glucagon
  • test blood sugar
  • repeatedly test
  • call 911 if necessary
61
Q

what is hyperglycemia?

A

high blood sugar

62
Q

how is hyperglycemia treated?

A
  • insulin
  • oral hypoglycemic
  • activity
  • diet
63
Q

what are some long-term diabetic complications?

A
  • cardiovascular disorders
    • heart disease, stroke, peripheral vascular disease
  • blindness
    • glaucoma, retinopathy
  • kidney disease
  • neurologic complications
    • peripheral and autonomic neuropathy, erectile dysfunction
  • impaired wound healing and amputation

Biochemistry (32 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions